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Theory and Practice of Islamic Banking in Pakistan

Thesis Info

Author

Nadeem Inayat

Department

Faculty of Arts,Department of Economics

Program

PhD

Institute

University of the Punjab

Institute Type

Public

City

Lahore

Province

Punjab

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

1995

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Economics

Language

English

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-01-06 19:20:37

ARI ID

1676728915976

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المبحث الثاني: صدِ برگ

المبحث الثاني: صدِ برگ

 (صدِ برگ) ھذہ المجموعۃ الشعریۃ الثانیۃ لبروین شاکر والتي جاء ت إلی الساحۃ الأدبیۃ في (1980م )بعد انقطاع مدۃ ثلاث سنوات، ولکن الشعراء والأدباء لم یعطوا لھذہ المجموعۃ منزلۃ عالیۃ کالخوشبو، إنما اعتبروھا أقل خیال وأدنی مرتبۃ من خوشبو وبعض الناقدین قاموا بنقدھا. تقول بروین عن مجموعتھا ھذہ:

 ’’لقد تغیر المنظر عندما ألفتُ صد برگ۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔ منظر حیاتی وحیاۃ ھذہ الأرض التي کان وجودي بوجودھا۔۔۔۔‘‘[1]. وفعلاً ھذہ المجموعۃ الشعریۃ قیمتھا أقل من المجموعۃ الشعریۃ السابقۃ (خوشبو) ولکن بعض الأدباء شجعوھا ورفعوا من معنویاتھا وقالوا عن صدِ برگ أنھا تطور وإبداع اکثر في أفکار الشاعرۃ ویتضح فیھا جمال کلماتھا الھادئة۔ وتقول قرۃ العین طاھرۃ ’’أن في خوشبو سُمع صوت الفتاۃ أکثر من صوت المرأۃ، ولکن في صدِ برگ حصلت الموازنۃ بین المجموعتین وقد أکتمل الناقص، ولم يکن في ھذہ المجموعۃ التعبیر عن الأحلام فقط، إنما کانت صورۃ صادقۃ عن الحیاۃ‘‘[2]۔

 یتضح من ذلک أن عمل بروین تطور نحو الأحسن والأفضل تدریجیاً، وأن مجموعۃ (صدِ برگ) تعطي صورۃ واضحۃ عن شخصیۃ الشاعرۃ، وأختارت کلمات بلیغۃ وتراکیب شاملۃ عن الحیاۃ وفلسفۃ المصاعب والمشاکل الیومیۃ۔ وتقول الدکتورۃ سلطانۃ بخش أن بروین شاکر ’’ظھرت فی مجموعتھا صدِ برگ علی شکل شاعرۃ ولا حول لھا ولا قوۃ ونسقت احساساتھا من دنیا الأحلام إلی الدنیا الحقیقیۃ وإلی مشاعر الوجدان مع ربط ھذہ الإحساسات بالقلب، وتنظر الحیاۃ علی حقیقتھا بأعین واعیۃ، وتخرج من عالم الکوابیس والأحلام إلی دنیا الواقع الحقیقي‘‘[3]۔

 یتضح من ذلك أن عملھا ھذا کان صورۃ واضحۃ عن رُقیھا وتقدمھا من الناحیۃ الأدبیۃ وأعطت صورۃ شاملۃ عن نظرۃ الحیاۃ وأصولھا وأھم قوانینھا۔



[1] بروین شاکر، صدِ برگ۔

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اتجاهات جديدة في نثر شوقي، دراسة موضوعية

Ahmad sh┤qi is acknowledged as king of the modern Arabic poetry for his a lot of contribution towards it. He compiled the poetry in new poetical style and introduced several varieties in which he is awarded the title of “King of the Poetry”. Beside these attempts he contributed to the contemporary prosaic arts like; novels, dramas, anecdotes, dialogues, biography, social and political issues, which is somehow appreciated by a group of writers and condemned by another for some reasons. His prose did not gain the status as compared to his status in poetry. Many aspects of his prose were analytically discussed by the scholars but the thematic trend in his prose – according to my knowledge- is not taken in research. This article focused on the issue in research with the descriptive manner and the above mentioned themes are analyzed. Wherever, there is failure occurred in the prose that is pointed out and criticized. Adding more, the literary features which saved the prose from decline somehow are put in. This research will meet the deficiency we examined in the books written down about his prosaic literature. This will also open a new door for new researchers to take the themes and extend it further.

Study of Volumetric Properties of Binary Aqueous Solutions of Selected Natural and Artificial Sweeteners at Various Temperatures

This work presents investigations of the density, sound velocity, volumetric and acoustical behavior of binary aqueous solutions of some sweeteners namely acesulfame potassium, sodium cyclamate, sodium saccharin; D-mannitol, maltose, and poly sucralose at 293.15–318.15 K. The entire work was done at atmospheric pressure. The objective of study was to support building a suitable relationship among densities, sound velocities, sweeteners’ concentration and structural characteristics to explore sweetness response and molecular interactions in aqueous solution. Densities (r) and sound velocities (μ) have been measured as a function of concentration for aqueous solutions at 293.15–318.15 K and atmospheric pressure using electronic vibrating U tube density and sound velocity meter (DSA 5000M). Solutions of acesulfame- K, cyclamate- Na and saccharin- Na were treated as electrolytes, while D- mannitol, maltose and poly sucralose were considered as non-electrolytes. The results obtained were used to compute their apparent and partial Molal volumes; isentropic apparent and partial Molal isentropic compressibilities and compressibility hydration numbers have been calculated and reported. The apparent Molal volume, (ΦV) of electrolytes indicates negative deviations from Debye-Huckel limiting law. The values obtained for, ΦV, at given temperatures and concentrations may be used as an indicative for the strength and intensity of the ion/solute–ion/solute and ion/solute-solvent interactions. The partial Molal volume (ΦV°) indicates hydrophilic interactions dominating in aqueous solutions of studied sweeteners. Furthermore, apparent specific volumes (ASV) of the ions/solutes were calculated and it was found that these values of the investigated solutes lie between the reported values for sweet substances (0.51 – 0.71 cm3g-1) except for poly sucralose which might behaves differently due to its long chain structure. The partial Molal expansibility (ΦE°), Hepler’s constant (∂2V0/∂T2) and thermal expansion coefficient (a°) have been estimated and correlated to the effect of temperature on solution behavior. The isentropic apparent Molal compressibility (ΦK(s)) and compressibility hydration number (nH) conferred pre-dominance of ion/solute-solvent interactions, whereas partial Molal expansibility and related standards predicted structure making or breaking behavior of studied sweeteners. The Hepler’s constant values for sodium cyclamate and maltose x were negative which associated with the water structure breaking behavior of these sweeteners. The thermodynamic parameters like Apparent Molal volume (ΦV), partial Molal volume (ΦV°), apparent specific volume (ASV), partial Molal expansibility (ΦE°), isentropic apparent Molal compressibility (ΦK(s)) and related constants provided clear distinctions and variable hydration behavior and sweetness response from class to class, structural variability and molecular masses. So, as a whole this study provided new insights in elucidation of mechanistic differences between sweeteners and their mode of interactions.