آہ! مصطفےٰ کمال پاشا
نومبر ۱۹۳۸ء کا سب سے زیادہ المناک حادثہ جس نے تمام عالم اسلامی میں رنج و غم کی ماتمی صفیں بچھادیں، مصطفی کمال کی وفات کا حادثہ ہے۔ مصطفی کمال کا وجود اس زمانہ میں مسلمانوں کے تار عظمت وبزرگی کا ایک درخشندہ موتی اور اسلامی سطوت وصولت کی ایک شمشیر لرزہ فگن تھا۔ وہ دبدبۂ و شوکت اسلام کے قصررفیع کے ایسے ستون تھے، جس کے گرتے ہی محسوس ہوتا ہے کہ تمام عالم میں زلزلہ آگیا، اور اس کے بام و در پر کپکپی طاری ہوگئی ہے۔
وماکان قیس ھلکہ ھلک واحد
ولٰکنہ بنیان قوم تھدما
وہ ۱۸۸۱ء میں سالونیکا کے ایک غریب گھرانے میں پیدا ہوئے، ابھی عمر نو برس کی ہی تھی کہ سر سے باپ کا سایہ اٹھا گیا، ماں انتہا درجے کی عابدہ زاہدہ تھیں۔ انھوں نے ہر چند چاہا کہ بیٹا دینی تعلیم حاصل کرکے ملّا بن جائے، لیکن جس کی قسمت میں ٹرکی کے مریض نیم جاں کی مسیحائی لکھی ہوئی تھی اور جس کو غازی بن کرعالم میں رونما ہونا تھا، وہ کس طرح اس مفت خوری پرآمادہ ہوسکتا تھا۔ نتیجہ یہ ہواکہ اُنہوں نے فوجی تعلیم حاصل کی اور ٹرکی کے مختلف معرکوں میں اپنی شجاعت وبسالت کے وہ حیرت انگیز جوہر دکھائے جس نے ٹرکی کی تاریخ کو یکسر منقلب کرکے رکھ دیا۔مصطفی کمال شروع سے ہی حریت پرست اوراستقلال کوش تھے، وہ خلیفۂ وقت کوعیسائی طاقتوں کے ہاتھ میں کٹھ پتلی کی طرح کھلونا بنا ہوا دیکھتے تھے تواُن کی آنکھوں میں خون اُترآتا تھا،اور چاہتے تھے کہ ٹرکی کواجنبی عناصر سے پاک وصاف کرکے اتنا مضبوط وقوی بنادیاجائے کہ پھر کسی حریف کو اُس کی طرف نگاہ حرص و آز بلند کرنے کی جرأت نہ ہوسکے۔اس سلسلہ میں اُن کا تعلق ایک ایسی انقلاب پسند جماعت سے...
According to Islamic Jurists the main objectives, or purpose of Islamic Law (Shariah) are the preservation of faith, life, intellect, progeny, and wealth. These five purposes are designated as necessities of life and these are the primary purposes of the Shariah (Islamic Law). Protection of faith is the first and foremost objective of the Islamic Law as the Quran clearly mentions worship of Allah as the purpose of creation of human being. Protection of life is the second purpose and according to Islamic teachings human life is sacred. The Quran clearly forbids taking human life of a person without justification. Protection of Intellect is the third purpose as human being has been given superiority over other creatures by virtue of intellect and reason. A Person with sound mind and intellect can think, act, react well, this is why Islam prohibits all kinds of intoxicants because they are harmful and may disturb faculty of reasoning. Protection of Progeny is the fourth purpose as Islam emphasizes on the establishment of lawful relationship between man and woman. It is the foundation for the establishment of a value-based society. Islam considers unlawful relation harmful for individuals and community. This is the reason that Islam prohibits adultery. Protection of wealth is the fifth purpose and the Islamic teachings’ emphasis on acquisition of wealth by lawful means. While the Quran enjoins that one should not earn wealth by unlawful means. These dharurat (necessities are followed by the hajat (needs) and thasinat (complementary values). However the scope of these purposes goes beyond them and they include protection of civilization, culture, establishing peace, harmony, security, elimination of violence, maintenance of equality, and so on. In this article all these five kinds of dharurat (necessities) have been elaborated while in the last portion a review has been carried out for their relevance and implementation in the contemporary era.
This study is a critical analysis of the Pakistan-Afghanistan relations. A variety of problems are hindering the cordial
relations of the two states. The commonalities are many but the differences are strong and rapprochement seems
difficult. The study depicts that both the states are apprehensive of each other. Mainly the non acceptance of
international border i.e. Durand Line, irredentist territorial claims and Pashtunistan issues by Afghanistan and the
perceived so called policy of strategic depth by Pakistan are the impediment. In the last forty years Afghanistan has
faced civil war and foreign intervention. Since then Pakistan finds itself at the forefront of the efforts to bring peace
and stability in Afghanistan, as a "frontline state". In 1970s and 1980s it opposed the U.S.S.R. invasion and since
2001 it has supported the U.S. invasion, ditching the Taliban regime. The presence of foreign forces in Afghanistan
has affected Pakistan's sovereignty due to drone and border attacks. Pakistan wants to safeguard its legitimate
interests i.e. peaceful, stable and friendly Afghanistan. At the same time it wants that Afghanistan may not be used
by any regional country against the interests of Pakistan.
In Afghanistan different ethnicities are apprehensive of each other and combine together against the Pashtuns
dominance of the past. All the other ethnicities strived hard to find a place in the Afghan state and are adamant to
preserve their restored identities. The study focuses on the effects of U.S. drawdown of forces, signing of Bilateral
Security Agreement and Status Of Forces Agreement on Pakistan-Afghanistan relations. It has given new impetus to
peace efforts. However, the Taliban insurgency has been deadliest in 2014 with peace nowhere. The efforts of U.S.
and the regional states to ensure peace have been evaluated.
The study explains the phenomenon of mistrust and hostile relations of the two states in realist perspective.
Geostrategic and geo-economics reasons make it necessary for both states to have cordial relations. A peaceful
settlement is interest of people of Pakistan and Afghanistan and the region, the alternative is a scary civil war.