افغانستان کی اسلامی تاریخ کے پیش رو صحابہ کرام: عہد خلافت عمر بن الخطاب رضی اللہ عنہ

The era of caliphate was the golden era of Islam. In this era the boundaries of Islamic state spread far and wide. From the caliphate of Abubakkar saddique (RA) Islamic conquest had started. At that time the Muslim armies reached Syria and Byzentine. But the first arrival of sahaba in Afghanistan was in the caliphate of Hazrat Umar (RA). The torchbearer of Islam came here for the preaching of Islam and to lead these people and turn their lives according to Quran and Sunnah. Before the advent of  Islam Afghanistan was the centre of Buddhist and other several faiths. Through the efforts of these companions of Muhammad (S.A.W) Islam got spread through the mountains and deserts of Afghanistan and all the Pathan tribes enter in the holy deen. In the following lines we will discuss thier efforts and journeys towards Afghanistan.

A Study of Teachers Perceptions About Violence Among Secondary School Students and Strategies for its Control

Violence among students is a serious problem, especially in public schools. It is difficult to achieve the standardized level of education in public schools without lessening violence among students, since violence makes it difficult for students to learn regardless of how good the teachers or curriculum are. Although the students who involve in violence cannot be expected better results, they however undergo the consequences, either the harm that comes from being maltreated or the punishment that comes from being the aggressor. The aim of the study was to investigate the types of violence among students, the reasons behind this violence and the teachers? strategies to control this violence. It was a descriptive study with survey design. All the male secondary school teachers (769) of District Sialkot were the population of the study. For taking inferences and generalization data was collected through 304 randomly selected male secondary school teachers.After the validation by experts and considering the content validity ratio of items a questionnaire was used to collect data. Analysis of data were drawn by using descriptive (Frequency & Mean) as well as inferential statistics (T-Test & Anova). The study reveal students? violence of calling bad names, quarrelling with fellows, using others? belongings without consent, abusing, threatening others, grabbing writing material of other students and slapping other students have witnessed by the teachers in the schools. The study found psychological problems and moral issues, economic problems in the families of students, parenting style and teacher behavior as causes of violence among students. Counseling, warning and informing to head teachers are found best strategies respectively. Schools are supposed to provide learning supportive environment which surely influence students? attitude. There is family on one side who plays very important role in student development while on the other hand school also has equally important role in building the character of students.