الاقتتال بین المسلمین: اسبابہ و حکمہ و مفاسدہ

Right from inception, man faces temptations from Satan and therefore finds an evil -edge (a sinning tendency in mankind) . Islam with its vitalizing energy curbs this evil influence successfully. Hereby a review of the killing/murder of Muslims is given with necessary background. The layout ofthis article is asfollow: 1. The literal and idiomatical definition of Murder in view of the sayings of Religious scholars. 2. Five kinds of murder in light of statements of religious scholars. 3 Religious Order for the murder under the commandments of Quran and Sunnah. 4. Faraai and Zaili orders regarding to murder. 5. Sources and reasons of murder. 6. Losses of murder. IAJ'IJT

On Convection Flow of Viscous Fluid Along a Surface With and Without Radiation Effect

In this thesis, the mathematical model, for steady natural and mixed convection boundary layerows of incompressibleuid, is developed. Theows are induced over inclined horizontal surface, vertical surface and horizontal circular disk. The important physical quantities such as thermal radiation and magneto hydrodynamics are incorporated for physical and experimental considerations. Some important physical features like heat transfer and mass transfer are added for engineering processes. The fundamental governing equations and the theory of boundary layer are discussed in detail in Chapter 2. This chapter contains the elementaryeld equations ofuid mechanics as partial di erential equations in terms of physically important unknown parameters such as velocity, pressure and energy and concentration variables. The boundary layer equations for momentum, thermal and mass transport arenally developed for ready reference in physical models considered subsequently. In Chapter 3, investigation has been made on the natural convection boundary layerow of a viscous incompressibleuid over a semi in - niteat plate inclined at a small angle to the horizontal. The e ects of internal heat generation and thermal radiation are taken into ac- count. In both cases viscosity of theuid is taken as exponential function of temperature. The e ect of important parameters are seen on local skin friction coe cient and local Nusselt number. The veloc- ity and temperature distributions are obtained at the separation point and discussed physically. The dimensionless boundary layer equations are transformed into the suitable nonlinear equations with the help of stream function formulation (SFF) and primitive variable formula- tion (PVF) which are respectively solved by using iterative schemes namely; implicitnite di erence Keller-box method and implicitnite di erence method along with Gaussian elimination method. Compar- ison with the previously published results is made and an excellent agreement has been found between the two. Chapter 4 contains the study of MHD natural convectionow of an electrically conducting and optically dense grayuid above a heated vertical surface. Two cases of periodic and non periodic boundary layerows are considered together with the interaction of thermal ra- diation. It is worth mentioning that the obtained results are for the low Prandtl numberuids known as liquid metals. Solutions of the governing equations are obtained for the entire range of local Hart- mann parameter. For the constant magneticeld (non periodic case) asymptotic solutions are also obtained for small and large values of locally varying parameter ξ . The numerical values of skin friction co- e cient, rate of heat transfer, velocity and temperature distributions are discussed for various values of physical parameters. Conjugate e ects of heat and mass transfer on the natural convection ow of an electrically conductinguid along a semi-in nite vertical at plate is examined in Chapter 5. It contains two case studies: (a) When the e ects of uniform heat and massux are absent (b) When both are present. The problem is particularly investigated un- der the in uence of strong cross magneticeld for liquid metals. For entire range of local Hartmann parameter, ξ , the reduced governing equations are integrated with the help of the implicitnite di er- ence Keller-box scheme. However, for slightly small values of local Hartmann parameter, ξ , problem is tackled with regular perturbation method whereas asymptotic solutions are obtained for larger values of ξ by using matched asymptotic technique. The discussion, for several physically important parameters, has been carried out for the numeri- cal results of shear stress, τw , heat transfer rate, Qw and mass transfer rate, mw . The velocity, temperature and species concentration pro les are plotted and critically analyzed in the presence of strong magnetic eld. In Chapter 6, the conduction-radiation interaction on the laminar two-dimensional steady state mixed convectionow of a viscous in- compressibleuid over a semi-in nite vertical porous plate has been studied. In this chapter the solution of the problem corresponds to the situation where density of theuid varies exponentially with temper- ature. Therefore, the underlying problem deals with the solutions for high temperature di erence between the surface and theuid, which in turn provide more accurate results. Taking into account primitive variable formulation (PVF), the governing boundary layer equations are reduced to parabolic equations, which are solved numerically using implicitnite di erence method together with Gaussian elimination method (see Appendix B). The numerical results are discussed for the emerging parameters appearing in the analysis of the problem. Chapter 7 contains the in uence of conduction-radiation on the nat- ural convectionow over the horizontal circular disk. Two numerical techniques are employed to solve the boundary layer problem, namely; (i) implicitnite di erence Keller-box method (see Appendix A) and (ii) implicitnite di erence scheme along with Gaussian elimination technique (see Appendix B). The numerical results are compared graphically showing a good compatibility between the two methods. The results are presented for the whole range 0 < R < 1 of the radius of the horizontal circular disk when the Prandtl number is consider- ably small. Discussion has been carried out on the basis of numerical results obtained in terms of local skin friction coe cient and local Nusselt number. Finally in Chapter 8, the importantndings of the physical models investigated in this thesis are highlighted and the valid conclusions are drawn.