تفسیر تدبر قرآن میں امین احسن اصلاحی نے بہت سے مقامات پر آیاتِ استفہام کی وضاحت کی ہے اور ان میں اللہ تعالیٰ کے سوال کرنے کے اغراض و مقاصد پر بھی روشنی ڈالی ہے۔اس فصل میں تفسیر تدبر قرآن کی روشنی میں آیاتِ استفہام کی تفسیر و تشریح بیان کی جا رہی ہے آیاتِ استفہام کی اقسام بھی بیان کی گئیں ہیں اور ہر قسم کے حوالے سے ماتحت آیات کی تفسیر کی جا رہی ہے۔
اللہ ہی ساری کائنات کا نظام چلانے والا ہے کوئی اس کا شریک نہیں عبادت اور رازونیاز کا صرف وہی مستحق ہے اللہ تعالیٰ نے قرآن مجید میں اپنی صفات جگہ جگہ بےنظیر طریقے سے بیان کی ہیں جن سے ذات الٰہی کا نہایت واضح تصور حاصل ہوتا ہے۔
دل کے لئے سلامتی اور کوئی صلاح وبھلائی اللہ وحدہ لاشریك له کی توحید کے بغیر ممکن نہیں۔ جس قدر انسان کے پاس توحید کی صداقت اور سلامتی اعتقاد میں پائی جائے گی اسی قدر اس کے لئے سلامتی صدر اور اصلاح قلب پائی جائے گی چنانچہ دل کی تخلیق کا مقصد یہی ہے کہ اپنے پیدا کرنے والے کو پہچانا جائے اور اس کی شایان شان اس سے محبت کی جائے اور اس کی وحدانیت کا اقرارویقین کیا جائے اور اس بات کو بھی عملی تطبیق دے کہ اللہ ہی دنیا کی ہر شے سے بڑھ کر اس کو محبوب ہےاور دنیا کی ہر چیز سے بڑھ کر وہی ہستی نہایت عظیم ہے، تو دل کی بھلائی بس اسی چیز کے حصول میں ہے۔
اللہ تعالیٰ قرآن میں ارشاد فرماتے ہیں:
"وَہُوَاللہُ لَآ اِلٰہَ اِلَّا ہُوَ لَہُ الْحَمْدُ فِي الْاُوْلٰى وَالْاٰخِرَۃِ وَلَہُ الْحُكْمُ وَاِلَيْہِ تُرْجَعُوْنَ"۔[[1]]
" اور وہی اللہ ہے...
Islam being a complete code of life encompasses all aspects of a person’s personal and social life. Islam considers those as Muslims who submit to the will of Allah Almighty in all aspects of life. Islam is not merely a matter of private life and its worship system is not restricted only to a set of rituals, but has pervasive social consequences and develops a strong sense of moral society based on system of rules around center of universal concept of justice. Therefore, Islam proposed institutions with relation to justice, governance, cooperation and solidarity for achieving high economic growth and development. Achievement of development and growth of economy is fast in a society or country if it has developed human capital (human resource). Human capital is developed when education is imparted and facilities of health and sound life are provided to human beings. According to Islamic principles, if human beings cannot afford proper education in the society (or other facilities such as health care) then those who are well off endow their properties in Zakat, Awqaf (plural of waqf) and Charities for their better development and nourishment. These properties when endowed as Awqaf are deployed for propagation of education (knowledge, skills, training etc.) by establishing Madrassas (schools, maktabs, colleges, universities etc.) libraries, translating books, and conducting research. In Islamic society there were many Awqaf founded for establishing Madrassas. This paper is dedicated to discuss the development of human capital through education funded by Islamic Awqaf by reviewing literature.
Hydroxy terminated polyepichlorohydrins (PECH) of different molecular weights were synthesized using a novel catalyst and co-catalyst combinations. Different polymerization conditions like temperature, time and monomer addition rates exhibited pronounced effect on the molecular weight, polydispersity and functionality of the products. After optimization of the conditions, polyepichlorohydrins of three different molecular weights i.e., 1045, 2497 and 3521 daltons were selected for the preparation of their polyurethane elastomers (PUE). The DSC studies of the polyol displayed linear increase in glass transition temperature (Tg) with the increase in its molecular weight (-35.6 to -28.3 oC). In second part of the present study two series of polyurethane elastomers were prepared by prepolymer method from polyepichlorohydrins (polyols) of three different molecular weights, aromatic (TDI) and cycloaliphatic (IPDI) diisocyanates and three chain extenders (1,4-butadiol, 1,6-hexanediol and cyclohexanedimethanol). The structural elucidation of PECH and its elastomers was carried out by FT-IR and NMR spectroscopic techniques. The change in molecular weight (polyol), type of diisocyanate, nature of chain extender and amount of chain extenders engendered significant effect on the surface morphology and thermo-mechanical properties of the resulting PUEs. Aromatic diisocyanate based elastomer (P25TDIDM10) exhibited optimum UTS (8.11 MPa) and elongation at break (511.7%) whereas cycloaliphatic diisocyanate elastomer (P10IPDIDM10) showed 8.58 MPa UTS and elongation at break (511.7%). All the polyurethane elastomers were stable up to 200 °C and were degraded without melting to constant mass above 450 °C. Tg of TDI based PUE was increased to -16 oC while in IPDI series it was further shifted to 7.98 oC. In the third part of this research work, selective polyurethane elastomer P10IPDIDM10 was used, due to its superior properties, as a matrix for the synthesis of polymer based composites. Graphite, aluminium flakes and aluminium powder were used in different proportions (5-15%) as fillers in the polymer matrix composites. Incorporation of fillers enhanced the UTS with corresponding decrease in elongation at break, whereas in case of graphite, electrical properties of the composite were also improved. The present study revealed that the synthesized PUEs and composites were found promising candidates for various advanced applications.