فقہی قاعدہ

The experts from various fields have maintained some rules and regulations in understanding and acquiring skills in this field of knowledge. This is due to their efforts which make very simple to understand it similarly the experts of ʽilm-ul-Fiqah i.e. Mujtahedyn and respected Fuqahāʼ have formulated some rules and regulations in the light of Qurʼan, Sunnah and decision act of companions of Muhammad (SAW) which also made it not only simple but it furnish skills and strategies in solving problems in field of Fiqah.

Social Construct of Scarcity: A Challenge for Sustainability of Ground Water in Lahore

Social scientist claimed that shortage of water is going to be a challenge for the world in coming years. It is considered that shortage of water need serious planning and execution of policies to overcome. Global powers are admitting that availability of water is directly influencing the socio-economic development in the world. Access to the drinking water as well as water usage in agriculture and industry is basic challenge for the world. Furthermore contemporary resource allocation and management is changing with global shift of international relations. Among all the natural resources, water is also needs to be managed with proper planning and effective procedures needs to be developed to manage this growing problem in the world. The share of community that had access to safe and cleans drinking water is decreasing day by day i.e. 30% had no access to clean drinking water in 1990 and 20% are living without clean and safe drinking water in the world but these figures are also different among different countries of the world (Millennium Development Report, 2006). Report also claimed that about 157 million people had not any access to safe and clean drinking water. But the problem is even worse among those societies where even no access to adequate safe water. Deep analysis of the water management indicated that water is being exploited and overused in many sectors in the world and especially in south Asia. National, regional and international institutions are struggling to find out the ways to overcome emerging shortage of water. Many scholars claimed that water management is being delayed and inadequate because of the growing demand of clean and safe drinking water and lower supply on the other hand. Water demand is increasing because of population is increasing day by day in the world with need basic necessities to sustain life this demand of water is known as absolute demand of water. On the other hand per capita water is also increased due to its wide use in industrial sector. Industrialization in return is making population moved from the rural to urban area in both developing and developed world. This growing demand creates the problem of water stress among almost 30 countries of the world and out of these 30 countries 20 are those countries who had not access to even adequate water supply. Water scarcity is being increased day by day in the world due to many factors such as environmental and social as well. Researcher claimed that the number of countries with water scarcity is going to double till 2020. Underground water is going to decrease continuously due to its overuse in all the sectors i.e. domestic, economic etc. Literature suggests that south Asian countries i.e. Pakistan, India and China might become included in this list of water scarce countries. Furthermore access to clean and safe drinking water in Pakistan is also very alarming and situation is more pathetic urban slums and remote rural areas of the country. Underground reservoirs of water are decreasing continuously i.e. in 1950s per capita 5,000 cubic meters that decreased to 1,500 cubic meter per capita now a days. After 20 years from today, level will become 1,000 cubic meters per capita. This implies that Pakistan will be ranked very high among water scarce countries of the world. This continuous decrease is nevertheless due to the poor managed water usage in the country. Water usage is very diverse in Pakistan ranging from agricultural water usage to industrial and domestic usage of water. The proportion of water usage in the above mentioned sectors is also different with highest share of agricultural usage 96% and only 4% is being used in industrial and domestic purposes. This implies that lion share of water usage in Pakistan is in agriculture and on the other hand this sector is highly traditional with conventional method of farming. In spite of highly effect irrigation system in Pakistan the unbalanced and unmanaged usage of water is posing great challenges for the developing economy of the world. Keeping in mind the above mentioned facts and figures, there is a need for comprehensive study for the use of water in domestic purposes. Furthermore, it should also be noted to the role of local community in water consumption and construction of water scarcity. This study will elaborate the domestic consumption pattern like social determinants of domestic water usage, gender role, and water management authorities under the heading of water governance. Researcher used quantitative research approach to analyze the situation of social construction of water in district Lahore, Capital city of Province Punjab, Pakistan. Researcher selected district Lahore due to the versatility of population living in Lahore. The aim of the researcher was to elaborate the role of local community in the construction of water, so Lahore city was divided into three main strata. Total 500 households were interviewed from all the three strata. Researcher checked correlation and prediction of one dependent and 4 independent variable using statistical package of social sciences IBM. 21.0. Researcher runs Pearson correlation and simple linear regression in data analysis. There was a signification association among the entire study variable as confirmed by the results of Pearson correlation. Results indicated uni-directional association when correlation was checked among study variables; either positive relationship or negative relationship between both the variables, no variables were negatively associated with any other variable. The results of overall data suggested, positive correlation among water scarcity (dependent variable) and social determinants, water usage pattern, gender usage pattern, and water governance. Social determinants, water usage pattern, gender usage pattern and water governance were found significant predictors of water scarcity. Water governance was found most signification predictor of water scarcity among all the independent variables.