فیض احمد فیض(۱۹۱۱ء۔۱۹۸۴ء) کا اصل نام فیض احمد خان تھا۔ اور فیضؔتخلص تھا۔ آپ سیالکوٹ میں پیدا ہوئے۔ آپ کے والد خان بہادر سلطان خان ایک کامیاب بیرسٹر تھے۔ فیض نے ابتدائی تعلیم مولوی میر حسن اور مولوی ابراہیم میر سیالکوٹی سے حاصل کی۔۱۹۲۹ء میں فیض نے مرے کالج سیالکوٹ سے ایف ۔اے کا امتحان پاس کیا۔ ۱۹۳۶ء میں آپ نے انجمن ترقی پسند مصنفین کے قیام میں بھر پور حصہ لیا اور پنجاب شاخ کے صدر مقرر ہوئے۔۱۹۴۶ء میں برٹش کونسل نے انھیں ایم بی ای کا خطاب دیا۔ ۱۹۶۲ء میں ان کو دنیا کا اعلیٰ ترین اعزاز لینن ایوارڈ دیا گیا۔ (۵۶۶) فیض نے لاہور ،کراچی اور مختلف شہروں میں قیام کیا۔ لیکن انھیں اپنے آبائی گاؤں کالا قادر سے بے حد محبت تھی۔ جب نارووال سے کالا قادر تک پختہ سڑک بنی تو انھوں نے ۱۹۸۰ء میں بیروت سے ’’گاؤں کی سڑک‘‘ کے عنوان سے نظم لکھی۔ جب تک وہ زندہ رہے اپنے گاؤں میں اپنے عزیز و اقارب سے ملنے آتے رہے۔ اپنی وفات سے تین دن پہلے ۱۷ نومبر ۱۹۸۴ء میں فیض نے اپنی زندگی کا آخری مشاعرہ نارووال (سیالکوٹ) کے شعرا کے درمیان پڑھا۔اسی دن فیض نے نارووال میں ’’فیض اکیڈمی‘‘ کی بنیاد بھی رکھی۔ فیض کے انتقال کے بعد ان کے آبائی گاؤں کالا قادر کانام تبدیل کر کے فیض نگر رکھ دیا گیا۔ اس گاؤں میں اب ہر سال فیض میلہ بھی منعقد ہوتا ہے۔(۵۶۷)
۱۹۴۱ء میں فیض کا پہلا شعری مجموعہ’’نقش فریادی‘‘ شائع ہوا۔ جس نے اُس زمانے کی ادبی فضا میں ہلچل مچا دی۔ یہ مجموعہ جدید شاعری میں ایک منفرد آواز ہے۔ اس میں فیض کی پہلے دور کی غزلیں اور نظمیں شامل ہیں۔ ان نظموں اور غزلیات میں ایک مسحور کن اور رومانی کیفیت پائی جاتی ہے۔
دوسرا مجموعہ کلام ’’دست صبا‘‘ کے نام سے ۱۹۵۲ء میں شائع ہوا۔ اس...
Family is the basic unit of human society which forms in the shape of marriage between a couple. Historically, all human civilizations and religions have cared for the union between Man and woman by constituting norms and rules right from the solemnization till the death of any partner of the union. Similarly, the religion of Islam has provided all sort of guidance in this regard keeping in view the natural sensations of humans for cohabitation and making their lives pure as well as chaste. Generally, Islam does not encourage late or delayed marriages rather it incites its followers to marry at appropriate time after adulthood. However, nowadays trend of late and delayed marriages is getting popularity in our Pakistani society which is a point of deliberation for the social scientists and Muslim scholars. The current paper deals with this topic to elaborate its causes and suggests means for tackling in the light of Islamic instructions.
Hypodermosis is an ectoparasitic disease of cattle caused by Hypoderma bovis and H lineatum. It is an important health issue in animals leading to substantial economic loss. In live animals, the diagnosis can be made either by direct clinical inspection of infected animals by applying palpation method based on 2 nd and 3 rd stage larvae or by using immunological diagnostic tools. The early diagnosis of hypodermosis is a prerequisite of efficient disease management. Therefore, in the present study, ELISA was performed to diagnose the antibodies to H. lineatum in animal sera. Fifty positive cattle were selected for the collection of larvae L 1 (1st instars) and blood samples. The larvae L 1 (1st instars) were processed for antigen preparation and sera was used for the validation of ELISA. Composition of antigen was determined by using SDS-PAGE. Protein (HyC) was purified by dialysis method and by ion exchange chromatography. Both, crude and purified HyC antigen was used for the ELISA development. One thousand blood samples were taken from the fields. Sensitivity and specificity was calculated from the optical density (OD) of sera. Direct clinical inspection and serology of infested animals were used for monitoring hypodermosis in Northern Punjab (Pakistan). Two hundred cattle with prominent nodules appearing in December - January were selected for comparison between developed ELISA and direct palpation method. The seroepidemiological information was sought out in the prescribed questionnaire having relevant information to generate epidemiological profile. The data from one thousand animals belonging to different villages were recorded based on the epidemiological factors. Seroepidemiological factor like District, village, grazing pattern, sex, type, location, age, breed, previous exposure and herd were studied in the present study. Statistical analysis shows that grazing pattern, location, age, type, xxiiibreed, sex medication and previous exposure has a significant impact in the prevalence of bovine hypodermosis. Geographic Information System (GIS) was used to map the risks factors of hypodermosis in Northern Punjab. GIS risk mapping method was based on herd size, min, max, aver, temperature range, rainfall, relative air humidity and prevalence rate for prediction of the disease. Present study was also proposing the comprehensive information capable of being used for controlling hypodermosis. The geographical map of different districts and villages were developed showing the degree of infestation in different locations. Cluster analysis showed that different area had different zones for the prevalence of bovine hypodermosis. Statistical analysis shows that the temperature in the months of January, February, March, August and November while the precipitation in month of September and October has significant results, when all the risks factors were analyzed. These findings were used for accurate and early diagnosis of bovine hypodermosis, to scan distribution pattern of bovine hypodermosis in Northern Punjab, for the development of suitable control strategies to minimize bovine hypodermosis and to suggest effective control strategies to reduce economic losses. GIS model is also applied for mapping risk area in other agro-ecological regions of Pakistan and developed ELISA which could be used to diagnose bovine hypodermosis in other agro-ecological regions of Pakistan. Vaccination would be suggested by using Hypodermin A antigen to minimize warble fly infestation rate. GIS model can also be applied for mapping risk area and eradication of bovine hypodermosis in other agro-ecological regions of Pakistan.