پیش لفظ
کہتے ہیں جب سقراط کو زہر کا پیالہ دیا گیا اور اس نے مسکراتے ہوئے اسے اپنے ہو نٹوں سے لگاناچاہا تو اس کے ایک شاگرد نے زار قطار روتے ہوئے کہا ’’استاد مجھے افسوس ہے کہ آپ بے گناہ مارے جائیں گے‘‘سقراط نے زہر کے پیالے کو ذرا اور مضبوطی سے پکڑتے ہوئے کہا میں بے گناہ ضرور مارا جائوں گا لیکن میری یہ بے گناہی مجھے تاریخ میں ہمیشہ زندہ رکھے گی ۔تم اپنا مشن جا ری رکھنا ‘‘حقیقت بھی یہی ہے کہ ابدی زندگی انہی کو نصیب ہو تی ہے جو بے گناہ مارے گئے یا جو کسی عظیم مقصد کی خاطر اپنے نظریے کی صداقت کا پرچم بلند رکھتے ہوئے اپنے خالقِ حقیقی سے جا ملے ،
یہ تاریخ کا فیصلہ ہے کہ آزاد منش لوگوں نے اپنی آزادی کے لیے ہمیشہ رسم دار کو زندہ رکھا ۔ہر زمانے میں کوئی نہ کوئی منصور ضرور پیدا ہو اجس نے اپنے عہدِ وفا کو نبھانے کے لیے اس رسم کو زندہ رکھنے کے لیے یہ علان کیا کہ :
ہم ہیں منصور اس زمانے کے
ہم سے ہی رسمِ دار زندہ ہے
انسانی تاریخ کا جائزہ لیا جائے تو یہ بات واضح ہو جاتی ہے کہ ہنسی خوشی زندگی قربان کرنے کا جذبہ اور سر فروشی کی رسم کے پس منظر میں دو محرکات بہت نمایاں رہے ایک تو مذہب اور دوسرا سیاسی فلسفہ ۔ انسانی وقار اور تقدیس کو زندہ رکھنے والی سوچ اور فکر کی آزادی ضمیر کی آواز کی سر بلندی کے لیے جن لو گوں نے کسی سیاسی پلیٹ فارم پر جد وجہد کی انسانی قدرو ں کی پاسداری اور حقیقی جمہوری معاشرے کے لیے جدو جہد کی بلا شبہ تاریخ انسانی میں ان کا نام ہمیشہ زندہ رہے گا ۔
سر فروشی کے اس قبیلے...
The present study highlights to contribution of Qari Muhammad tayyab in Islamic assistance has widened the scope of the study. He was not only a knowledgeable scholar but also a verbose, philosophic, logical and sophisticated speaker. His speeches have disseminated a throng of information among the people. He had a deep concerns with the preaching of Islamic teaching. He remained the part of dewband maddersa for long while, where he replete the student with knowledge of islam in addition, qari Muhammad tayyab was a very innovative and revolutionary poet. His poetic nature can be seen his poetries through his writings۔ Qari has done many comparative studies, such as science and islam, Islam and Christianity, linguistic problems and Hindustan, presidential speech of mumbia and many others studies. His knowledge of history could be Cleary observed in his books of history. Such books include the history of dar-ul–uloom dewband, the history of hijaz muqaddas. His aids in many others fields like Islamic equity, problems of fate, a journey to Afghanistan, the principles of preaching are adorable, tidies. To the gathered and analyzed data, his additions to the Islamic studies are abound and will always enlighten the ways for the scholars and would always appreciate the new researchers.
Wheat is the major nutrient source worldwide and has a crucial place in agriculture and economy of Pakistan. Characterization of wheat genetic resource is imperative for breeders in developing databases helpful for parental selections as presence of variance has primary significance with respect to plant breeding. In this view, 77 wheat genotypes collected from different agro-climatic zones of country were characterized for seed biochemical and nutritional quality traits, distribution of glutenin subunits, allelic variations in Xuhw89 locus for grain protein content and yield parameters followed by cluster, principal component (PCA) and correlation analysis. Seed biochemical analysis, revealed a significant variation (p < 0.05) in genotypes for nutritional potential. Genotypic sources were identified for better antioxidant potential i.e. Pavon (APX), Pasban-90 (CAT), IQBAL-2000 (POD), Manthar-2003 (SOD), Bhakkar-2000 (TPC), hydrolytic enzymes i.e. SH-2002 (amylase and ascorbic acid), Dharabi 2011 (esterase), NR-234 (protease), grain protein i.e. Faisalabad-2008 (salt soluble protein), TC-4928 (albumins), MEXI PAK (globulins) and sugars i.e. Saleem 2000, Punjab-96 (sugars and soluble protein). Dharabi-2011 with lowest amylase, MEKI-PAK with lowest reducing sugars and higher seed protien and AARI-2011 with lowest gluten have potential for health implications. Correlations in seed nutritional parameters were identified while genotypes were clustered in four groups with highest distance between cluster- II and III. However, genotypes grouped into five clusters based on yield related traits having maximum distance in cluster-II and IV with spike length as principal component of varibility. Based on divergence in single kernel characteristics, genotypes with highest protein (GA2002, 16.5%), moisture (Marvi, 16.5%), starch (9244, 11%), zeleny (AARI-2011, 54.1%), gluten (2006, 44%), kernel weight (TC-4928, 41.6±9.5mg), kernel diameter (Sassui, 2.91±0.32mm), hardness index (Punjab 201191±39%) were identified and grouped in five clusters. Kernel weight, diameter, moisture and starch content were principal components of variability. SDS-PAGE revealed 30 allelic combinations for high molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS) at Glu-1 loci involved in bread making quality. Maximum frequency of allele 1 was found in twenty nine genotypes at Glu-A1 locus while high proportion of subunit pairs 13+16 and 2+12 were detected in 33 and 32 genotypes at Glu-B1 as well as Glu-D1 locus respectively. Few rare alleles were also detected. The quality scores ranged from 4-10, while highest quality score (10) was more frequent (36.36%). Analysis of microsatellite (functional SSR marker) Xuhw89 locus for grain protein content showed that 42% genotypes carry 126+130-bp allele with relatively higher salt soluble proteins and globulin while remaining possessed a 126-bp allele with higher total soluble protein and albumin. In conclusion, revealed divergence in seed biochemical and quality traits, allelic distribution for HMW-GS and Xuhw89 locus for grain protein content and yield parameters in Pakistani wheat germplasm followed by detailed cluster, PCA and association analysis will help breeders in selecting genotypes with desirable traits and designing the breeding program for crop improvement.