Authoritative Position of Investor and Scope of Liability in Modarabah Contract: Classical and Contemporary Jurists Perspective

The position of investor is always questioned once capital is handed over to a working partner (Mudarib). The concerns of investor along with series of liabilities cannot be ignored because Modarabah losses are always transferred or born by him/her. The study highlights the authoritative position of Investor and suggests that investor has full access to impose conditions on Mudarib to safeguard his interest as per shariah rulings. The study debates investor’s position to impose geographical restrictions to restrict the scope of trade, trade policy of working partner (Mudarib) and fixation of time.  Besides, the study discourses the concept of limited liability in context of Islamic law where creditors hold right to personal wealth of the debtors.

Parents Perspective on School Strategies for Parental Involvement: An Exploratory Case Study in a Community Based School in Karachi, Pakistan

This thesis reports a research study which was conducted as a master thesis project. The study explored parents' perspectives about strategies school can use to meaningfully involve them. Twenty parents, through purposive sampling, were selected from a community based secondary school located in Karachi. A qualitative research design was used to explore the topic which used focused group discussion, interviews with individual parents and document analysis, as tools for data collection. The study has generated some key findings. The first finding indicates that parents, belonging to diverse cultural backgrounds, tend to think of school-home relationship from cultural perspective. They demand that the school needs to value and reciprocate the cultural heritage and social values of the children and parents that they bring with them to the school. The parents' voice concern over the school not being sensitive to cultural groups presented in the school. The parents believe that diverse cultures present in the school contribute to creation of a learning enriched environment in the school. The school thus needs to capitalize on the experiences and values different cultural groups bring to the school. The second key finding reflects that meaningful and enhanced involvement of parents in the school requires the school tailoring strategies that take into account demographic variables such as gender and parents' social and cultural capitals. The third main finding explains that the parents' interest in getting involved in school is influenced by their desire for having provision of opportunities for quality education contributed by teaching and learning, positive school environment, curriculum, and assessment practices. The forth finding of the study suggests that parents are aware of some of the ways and means through which the school can meaningfully communicate with homes. These include a range of strategies including telephone calls, newsletters, circulars, and invitation letters, etc. But these ways and means of communication need to be used considering the situations in which individual parents live. The fifth finding reports that the opportunities for face-to-face interaction with teachers encourage parental involvement because it provokes parents to freely share information with teachers. Such face-to-face meetings require teachers to display, honest, caring, and respectful attitude towards parents. Parents' experiences strongly suggest that that a welcoming ethos in school and teachers' positive attitude towards parents encourages them to take interest in the work of school. These important findings of the study have implications for schools, teachers, children and parents. The school