Determinants of Factors That Influence Income Smoothing

The aim of this research is to find out the partial and simultaneous influence of firm size, leverage, cash holding, winner/loser and profitability on smoothing in technology sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2019-2021. The method in this research uses quantitative methods. The hypothesis in this research was tested using logistic regression analysis using EViews 12 software. The sampling technique used in this research was the Purposive Sampling Technique which produced 11 samples of selected companies over a period of 3 years so that 33 sample units of companies in the technology sector were listed. on the Indonesian Stock Exchange. The results of this research show that the variables firm size, leverage and profitability have a significant effect on income smoothing. Meanwhile, cash holding and winner/loser stock do not have a significant effect on income smoothing. For the results of simultaneous hypothesis testing, firm size, leverage, cash holding, winner/loser stock and profitability have a significant effect on income smoothing. The implication of this research is that companies can first consider the impact before carrying out income smoothing.

Neuropharmacological Studies on Memory Enhancing and Reinforcing Effects of Cns Stimulants in Rats Exposed to Unpredictable Repeated Stress

There is growing increase in the prevalence of depression and obesity. In addition there is growing need of cognitive enhancers. CNS stimulants seem to be effective alternative for all these therapies but are addictive. Apomoprhine, a D1/D2 agonist also produces CNS stimulant like effects. The present study is designed to monitor antidepressant and cognitive improving effects of apomorphine, methylphenidate and caffeine in rats exposed to unpredictable repeated stress. Antidepressant like effects was monitored as the ability of drug to reduce stress effects on locomotion in a familiar as well as novel environment. Reinforcing effects of drug were monitored as drug-induced behavioral sensitization and place preference in a CPP paradigm. Cognitive performance and drug-induced enhancement of learning and memory were monitored in a Morris Water Maze Test. Apomoprhine, methylphenidate and caffeine exhibit antidepressant like effects by producing hyperlocomtion and anorexia. Long term administration of moderate dose of apomorphine and low doses of methylphenidate and coffee produces sensitization and enhances CPP greater in stressed animals. However when apomorphine is experienced during the exposure of unpredictable repeated stress it suppresses stress effects and enhances locomotion, drug induced sensitization was also smaller. Single as well as repeated administration of low dose of methylphenidate enhances short term and long term memory whereas high dose enhances memory retention and produces sensitization and reinforcement. Coffee is also effective in reducing stress-induced cognitive impairment, but reinforcing when taken at high dose specially for stressful conditions. The present study shows that CNS stimulants such as methylphenidate and caffeine can reduce stress effects and may be useful for the treatment of depression. Apomorphine which also produces CNS stimulant like effects is also similarly effective. Moreover the present results tend to suggest that psychostimulant as well as apomorphine can improve cognitive performance and alleviate stress-induced memory impairment. Psychostimulant as well as apomorphine have addictive potential and should not be used for long term.