فضائی آلودگی کا تدارک اسلامی تعلیمات کی روشنی میں

Allah Almighty has created abundance of natural resources(air, water, plants, animals) for the benefit of man. Air is considered one of the basic necessity for life on Earth.  Air pollution is a major and serious problem of the contemporary world. Rapidly spreading large crowded cities, modern transport, installation of industries and thermal power stations  are the main causes of air pollution. A large number of Industries, power-generating stations, construction projects, brick Kilns and  toxic solid wastes are polluting the atmosphere badly. The transport like buses, trucks, auto rickshaws, airplanes and internal combustion engines are main sources of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, and lead pollution in the air. The toxic gases, smog and smoke of industries are affecting humane, animal and plant life rapidly. Treatment devices are not installed in industries and brick kilns  to remove harmful gases before releasing smoke into the atmosphere. This research work explores that Air pollution is the core issue of the entire world, which requires immediate action for removal of  pollution from the air. Test results of air quality indicate that major part of Pakistani population is living at the risk of air pollution. Islam clearly commands each individual to avoid negative and destructive actions. This Study explores that Air pollution can be abated and minimized by adopting Islamic precautionary measures about air cleanliness.

Standardization of Different Aspects of Onion Seed Production

Onion is the second most important vegetable crop after tomato in the world. Pakistan is producing only 20% onion seed of its needs and remaining seed is imported causing big loss to the economy. The cause of low onion seed production is the lack of knowledge regarding its production technology. To improve yield and quality of onion seed, a series of experiments were executed in the field during 2013-14 using onion cultivars under split plot design. In first experiment, impact of set/bulb size on yield and quality of onion seed was evaluated. Three set sizes (1-2.5, 2.6-4, 4.1-5.5 g) and three bulb sizes (41-70, 71-100, 101-130 g) were used. In second experiment, nine combinations of phosphorus and potassium (30:25, 30:50, 30:75, 60:25, 60:50, 60:75, 90:25, 90:50 and 90:75 kg/acre) were assessed for quality onion seed production. In third experiment, gibberellin application (GA3 @ 100 mg/L of H2O) effects at different plant growth stages (2-3 leaf stage, 6-7 leaf stage and at the time of flowering) were assessed for enhanced yield and quality of onion seed. Maximum bulb size (101-130 g) in cultivar Phulkara performed the best regarding vegetative (plant height, number of leaves per plant, leaf area) and floral traits (days taken to start flowering, days taken to 50% flowering, days taken to complete flowering, number of flowering stalks per plant, length of flowering stalk), while cultivar Dark Red with the same bulb size (101-130 g) gave maximum yield. Seed quality traits like seedling vigour index and speed of germination were improved with increase in bulb size regardless of cultivars. Among onion cultivars, Dark Red showed maximum improvement in vegetative, floral and yield related traits when treated with phosphorus and potash @ 60:75 kg/acre. Seed quality traits like germination percentage, speed of germination and seed viability were significantly improved when mother seed plants were treated with phosphorus and potash @ 30:75 kg/acre. GA3 application at the time of 2-3 leaf stage and 6-7 leaf stage significantly improved vegetative and floral traits in cultivar Phulkara. However, maximum seed yield was observed in cultivar Dark Red when GA3 was sprayed at 6-7 leaf stage. Foliar spray of GA3 at 6-7 leaf stage and at the time of flowering in Dark Red produced seeds, which exhibited higher germination percentage, higher speed of germination and reduced days taken to complete 50 percent germination.