ناول"دھنی بخش کے بیٹے " میں خیر وشر کا تصور
کومل شہزادی
اس کائنات میں ازل سے “خیر” اور” شر” کی کشمکش ہے۔ وہ یہ خیال کرتے ہیں کہ یہی کشمکش آپ کو ایسے تصورات کے اطلاق کی راہ میں بھی حائل نظرآتی ہے ۔ اس کائنات میں “خیر” اور” شر” ما بعد طبعیاتی اور ماورائی تصورات ہیں۔اگر ہم غور کریں تو انسان دو طرح کے عوامل کے زیر اثر ہوتا ہے ایک خیر اور دوسرا شر-کچھ چیزیں خیر کا اظہار ہوتی ہیں اور کچھ شر سے جنم لیتی ہیں۔
اس پر ایک طویل بحث کی جاسکتی ہے مگر میں ناول "دھنی بخش کے بیٹے " کی بات کروں تو ناول نگار نے دو الگ کرداروں کے ذریعے اس موضوع کا احاطہ کیا ہے۔حسن منظر ایک منفرد ناول نگار ہیں اور ان کا یہ ناول اکیسویں صدی کا عمدہ ناول کہا جائے تو بے جا نہ ہوگا۔ناول میں دو کردار علی بخش اور احمد بخش سے خیر و شر کی کشمکش کا پہلو ہے اس کو دونوں کرداروں سے عمدہ انداز میں بیان کیا ہے۔علی بخش کے کردار میں شر جیسے عناصر پائے جاتے ہیں جبکہ احمد بخش کے کردار میں ہمیں خیر کے پہلو ملتے ہیں۔ناول نگار نے دونوں کی عادات و اطوار سے اس تصور کو ناول میں جگہ جگہ تذکرہ کیا ہے۔خیر و شر پہلوؤں کا بھی بہت خوب انداز میں نقشہ کھینچا گیا ہے ۔جس سے ناول کے دو کردار علی بخش اور احمد بخش سے عکاسی کرتے نظر آتے ہیں۔دھنی بخش کے گاؤں اور اس کے اردگرد دیہاتوں میں یہ خبر گردش ہونا شروع ہوجاتی ہے کہ احمد بخش امریکہ جارہا ہے ۔احمد بخش کو ایسی برائیوں سے بڑھے ہوئے ماحول سے کراہٹ محسوس ہوتی تھی ۔وہ کلچرل سسٹم میں خود...
The research situates link between the graduate researches in four academic institutes of Islamabad and analyzes its impact on the public policy. The study explores the relevance of graduate research trajectory followed by various academic departments of four major federal universities in Pakistan in formulation and execution of public policy. The author collected last five years graduate level dissertation titles from four federal universities and classified them by using thematic approach. An interview guide/questionnaire is prepared accordingly. Chairpersons, deans, professors, bureaucrats, and parliamentarians were approached for semi-structured, in-depth interviews. This is a qualitative study using thematic and analytical approach. The research finds a lack of cohesion between the graduate research trajectory and policy needs of the public institutions. The absence of a national research vision and collaborative framework, difference in training cultures of bureaucracy and academia, lack of logistic support system, defective learning strategies, and an overall neglect for social sciences are the major reasons for incoherence. The analytical correlation of the recorded opinions reveals opportunities to maximize the relevance of the academic research in public policy domain
Bats are cosmopolitan in distribution and are highly diverse. Around the globe, bats are represented by around 1200 species while 52 species have been reported from Pakistan. During the present survey, extending from 2015 through 2017, overall 14 species, belonging to 7 genera and 5 families were recorded from Bajaur Agency in the Federally Administrated Tribal Areas (FATA) which has never explored for chiropteran diversity prior to the present survey. These families include: Pteropodidae, Rhinopomatidea, Megadermatidae, Rhinolophidae and Vespertilionidae while the genera include Rousettus, Rhinopoma, Megaderma, Rhinolophus, Myotis and Scotophillus. Morphological, cranial and bacular features of the captured bat specimens were recorded and bat species were identified using authentic taxonomic keys. Three specimens of Hodgson''s batMyotis formosuswere captured from the study area using mist and hand nets. External body, cranial and bacular features of the captured specimens were recorded and compared with those available in literature. Mean head and body length of the captured specimens was 42.06±4.01 mm, forearm length was 47.16±0.93 mm, greatest length of skull (n = 2) was 17.38±0.17 mm while total baculum length was 8.1 mm.The species is the first ever recording from the study area. Similarly, five congeners Pipistrelle Pipistrellus pipistrellus, Javan Pipistrelle P. javanicus, Coromandel Pipistrelle P. coromandra, least Pipistrelle P. tenuis and Kelaart’sPipistrelleP. ceylonicuswere recorded for the first time from the study area. Average forearm length of P. pipistrellus, P. javanicus, P. coromandra, P. tenuis and P. ceylonicus was30.9±0.14mm, 35.13±0.53mm, 31.64±1.19mm, 28.49±1.25mm and 40.11±2.24mm, respectively. The greatest length of skull of these xv species was 11.75±0.35mm, 13.69±0.25mm, 12.48±0.34mm, 11.83±0.30mm and 15.00±0.15mm, respectively, while their total bacular length was 1.58mm, 3.81±0.01mm, 3.82±0.47mm, 2.11±0.707mm and 5.83±2.15mm, respectively. The bacular feature like sizeand shape were the characters that help in clear cut nomencatular of these bat taxa. Nine specimens (2♂, 7♀) of Myotis muricolawere captured from the study area. Mean forearm length (n= 9) and greatest length of skull (n= 4) of the collected specimens were 32.91 ± 1.15 mm and 13.00 ± 0.05 mm, respectively.The penis was somewhat round, small and thick while the baculum was very strongand bent upward with a thin basal concavity. During the present survey, five specimens (1♂,4♀) of greater horseshoe bat,Rhinolophus ferrumequinum were captured using hand nets from a cave Levoghar (local name)in district Dir lower. Mean forearm lengthof the captured specimens was 61.94 ± 2.76 mm, their head and body length was 63.77 ± 4.26 mm, greatest length of skull (n = 2)was 23.82 ± 0.40 mm and total length of baculum of a single male specimen was 3.97 mm.R. ferrumequinum was never reported from the study area prior to the present study. Two species of the genus Scotophilus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) have been reported from Pakistan. During the present survey, specimens of both the species viz. S. heathii (n = 5) and S. kuhlii (n = 44) were captured from Bajaur agency in Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA), and Peshawar, Dir lower and Swat districts in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Forearm length was 62.46 ± 1.57 mm, greatest length of the skull (n= 1) was 23.80 mm, while mean total bacular length of S. heathii (n = 2) was 1.77 ± 0.19 mm. Similarly, mean forearm length of S. kuhlii (n = 44) specimens was 51.64 ± 2.02 mm, greatest skull length (n = 19) was 19.80 ± 0.61 mm xvi and total bacular length (n = 6) was 1.84 ± 4.98 mm. These species were never reported from FATA prior to this studay.Furthermore, Rhinolophus hipposderous,Rhinopoma microphyllum, Megadermalyra and Rousettus leschenaulti were also captured from the study area. Similarly specimens of (13♂, 1♀) Rhinopoma microphyllum were captured from the study area and their external body, cranial and bacular measurements were recorded. Mean forearm length of these specimens was 68.90 ± 1.42 mm, greatest length of the skull of four specimens were20.32 mm, respectively while total bacular length (n= 13) was recorded 1.36 ± 0.23 mm. During the present survey, 15 specimens (11♂, 4♀)of Rhinolophus hipposideroswere captured. Mean forearm length of these specimens was 37.38 ± 0.91 mm, while total bacular length (n = 2) was3.35 ± 0.57 mm. Specimens (n = 4) ofMegaderma lyra were also observed in the study area. Average forearm length and greatest length of skull of these specimens was 67.00 ± 1.41 mm and 29.00 ± 0.16 mm, respectively. Single species of fruit bats i.e. Rousettus leschenaultia was also captured during the survey. Mean greatest skull length, forearm lengthof the collected specimens was82.51±1.79 mm and35.84 ± 0.14 mm, respectively. Ectoparasitic prevalence of the bats inhabiting the study area was also assessed. A species of soft ticks Argasvespertilioniswas identified from 23 bat specimens. Similarly, members of the family Dermanyssoidae (dermanyssoid mites) were isolated from 10 bat specimens, that of Spinturnicidae (spinturnicid mites) from 3 and Streblidae (bat flies) from 2 bat specimens. These parasites were collected using entomological tweezers and were identified on morphological basis. Further studies on parasitic prevalence, molecular characterization of bat parasites and their control measures should be conducted.