حضرت محمد ﷺ کے معاشرتی رویے اور ان کے نفسیاتی اثرات

The social life of an individual is reflected in his behaviors and attitudes. These attitudes are the bedrock of our social life and determine our thinking and actions. These attitudes Colors our thinking in positive or negative way. The life and biography (See’rah) of the Holy Prophet (saw) serves as a model for us to fashion our behaviors. The enlightened teachings of the Holy Prophet (saw) established a balanced relations ship between individual and social development. This essay analysis patterns of social behaviors in the light of the See’rah Holy Prophet (saw).

Bio Conversion of Waste Fiber Sludge into Ethanol and Xylanase at Commercial Level

Microbial enzymes such as xylanases enable new technologies for industrial processes. Xylanolytic enzymes hydrolyze complex polysaccharides like xylan and have various commercial applications such as those in the biofuel and pulp and paper fields. In this study, the xylanases from Bacillus pumilus strain BS131 and Aspergillus flavus strain ZGCL17 were isolated from rhizosphere of agricultural fields of district Lahore, Pakistan. These microbes were used as source for production of xylanase and ethanol. A reference strain Aspergillus niger AB1.18 was used as positive reference provided by the courtesy of TNO Netherlands. In the first phase of study, several bacterial and fungal isolates were obtained and purified by subsequent sub-culturing. These purified microbes were then grown on xylan screening media and two strains, BS131 and ZGCL17 were selected because of their significant production capacity. Strain BS131 produced maximum xylanase enzyme (388.8 IU/mg) in xylan medium under submerged fermentation whereas, strain ZGCL17 showed maximum xylanase activity of 493.3 IU/mg in the same medium. In the second phase of study, potential of waste fiber sludge was evaluated to be used as substrate for xylanase production. Waste fiber sludge (WFS) and wheat bran (WB) were used as carbon sources either independently or in combination. Waste fiber sludge was supplemented with different concentrations of salts as well. Along with these salts some combinations were containing wheat bran as an additional Carbon source. Maximum xylanase production was observed in Vogel‟s medium supplemented with WFS as main source of carbon with highest significant xylanase production by strain BS131 (5.7 IU/mL) and strain ZGCL17 (7.3 IU/mL). Along with that, various physio-chemical parameters affecting xylanase production (different media, effect of consortia, incubation period, temperature, pH, substrate concentration, Carbon and Nitrogen sources and enzymatic hydrolysis) were optimized to get maximum enzyme production. Ethanol production was also observed by double fermentation process, involving waste fiber sludge as fermentation substrate. In the first phase of fermentation, Saccharomyces cerevisiae was used for the production of ethanol. In second phase two previously selected microbes (BS131 and ZGCL17) were grown on the resultant product of first fermentation step, to observe xylanase production. Quantification analysis provided that xylanase production improved approximately up to 45% in two step fermentation. These observations strongly indicate the suitability of this two step production system of xylanase enzyme. In the next phase of study, microbial xylanases were purified for chemical characterization and structure elucidation. Column chromatography was used to purify xylanase from rest of the entities. Purity of the purified xylanases was confirmed by performing SDS-PAGE analysis. Purified xylanase fractions were sent for MALDI-TOF/MS analysis. Obtained amino acid patterns were compared by previously deposited sequences on NCBI Protein Blast. All the obtained sequences showed resemblance with xylanase enzymes. The purified xylanase produced by Bacillus pumilus strain BS131 was recognized as glucuronoxylanase with a 100% resemblance with the Bacillus pumilus glucuronoxylanase (EDW23359.1). Whereas, the xylanase data obtained for Aspergillus flavus strain ZGCL17 showed 100% homogeneity with the endo-1,4-beta-xylanase Aspergillus flavus NRRL3357 (XP_002380174.1). In the last phase of study, various physio-chemical parameters were optimized to ensure maximum enzyme activity on previously selected substrate combinations. Among different parameters studied (temperature, pH, substrate concentration, Carbon & Nitrogen sources etc.) maximum xylanase activity was observed at neutral pH in case of BS131 and at pH 5 for ZGCL17. The most suitable temperature for xylanase production was estimated to be 30 °C. With respect to substrate specificity studies 4% of WFS:WB was observed to perform on best significant places. In the same way, some kinetics related to temperature and pH stability was also optimized to ensure maximum enzyme activity. Temperature ranged from 30-60 °C and pH values in same regard were 5.0-7.5. All the experiments were performed thrice containing five replicates of each treatment. All the data was analyzed statistically by performing ANOVA and DNMRT with the help of computer aided software DSAASTAT. Based on the results obtained from the present study it is concluded that two rizospheric microbial strains BS131 (Bacillus pumilus) and ZGCL17 (Aspergillus flavus) have the potential for industrial scale production of xylanase enzyme. Along with that WFS and WB have potential for industrial production of xylanase enzyme. The stability of enzyme was observed over a wide range of temperature. Other characteristics observed add further evidence to its potential for industrial applications. The results of present study strongly indicate the scope for further research on some biochemical structural elucidation and enzyme engineering for wide range of applications.