Perception of Home Demands, Demography, and Mental Health amongst Married Women During COVID-19

This study aims to explore the relationship between the perception of home demands, demography and mental health of married women during the COVID-19 pandemic. The predictive role of perception of home demands, and demographics has also been assessed, in determining the mental health of married women during the pandemic. A sample of 250 married Pakistani women, between 20 to 55 years, with at least one child and minimum matric qualification, were included in the study. Participants were administered a self-constructed questionnaire. Regression analysis showed that quantitative home demands and husband’s employment status were significant negative predictors of anxiety and depression in women, whereas emotional home demands and mental home demands were significant positive predictors of depression, anxiety, and stress in married women. The results of this study help to highlight the work pressure women are facing during the pandemic and to support reform in balanced gender role expectations in society. This study also has implications for mental health practitioners, feminists, social workers, psychologists, and policymakers.

The Politics of Ethnicity: An Issue to National Integration of Pakistan

The Thesis Seeks to understand the nature of Politics of Ethnicity and its relationship with national integration. In third world’s plural societies, ethnic politics has remained a great challenge. Pakistan is also a plural state having variety of ethnic groups. The ethnic heterogeneity has remained a constant challenge to the state authorities and the issue of nation building and creation of national integration is still a major task. It is seen in the research that the state of Pakistan always used centralizing and authoritarian policies to create national harmony. The state wanted to transform ethnic identity into Pakistani identity. The authoritative tactics of the state manifested ethnicity into ethnic politics. The dismemberment of East Pakistan in 1971, was the ultimate result. In the post 1971 period same policy was applied. Resultantly, ethnic groups from the four federating units, developed ethnic consciousness. In this research, three ethnic groups Baloch, Mohajir and Saraiki are selected to find out the main factors which politicized their ethnic association. The Researcher argued in this research that when state denies the demands of sharing political power or adequate representation in political and administrative institutions, conflictual situation develops between state and ethnic groups. It is also highlighted in detail that the political, economic and social factors determine the salience of politics of ethnicity. Apart from highlighting the factors responsible for politics of ethnicity and conflictual environment, the researcher also pointed out four variables to measure the threat for the national integration of Pakistan. These variables are the role of leadership of a particular ethnic group, the role of the middle class, their mobility for the particular cause, role of state and its policies in diffusing or escalating conflict and the role of external support for particular ethnic cause. The research also incorporated an extensive survey from the three ethnic groups of three provinces Balochistan, Sindh and Punjab. The research leads to a conclusion that some structural and perceptual perspective should be evolved to create national integration. For this purpose the role of state is very important. Instead of following the old repressive policies, political engagement, political reforms and social giving can bring about change in the plural societies like Pakistan.