Islamic Microfinance: An Overview and Prospects in Pakistan

This paper will highlight the significance importance of the Islamic microfinance working in Pakistan as well as across the world. In 2007, the Great economic damage the global economy of the world including United States, European Union as well as Asia, it made the researcher to study about the alternate system in the replacement of Conventional Financial System, after that study and research they recognized that there is no concept of interest in Islamic Financial System, it is totally based on asset-based system, this recognition shift their area of interest from conventional financial system to Islamic financial system. Islamic financialSystem plays a significant role in economic growth of a country through accumulation of deposits and providing the plate form of financing to speed up economic activities. In the last two decades, the traditional microfinance is replaced by the Islamic microfinance in Pakistan as well as in the whole world. This paper will highlight the working methodology of Islamic microfinance models and institutions that how these Islamic microfinance institutions working asan interest free sector in Pakistan and in the world. The paper is also highlighting the difference between conventional micro financing and Islamic micro financing that what are the models and functions that differs the Islamic micro financing from the traditional micro financing.

Prediction of Breast Tumor Size by Ultrasound: A Comparison With Pathology

Background: Tumor size is one of the most important prognostic factors in breast cancer and its accurate assessment is critical in planning appropriate treatment. Although histology is often regarded as the definitive way of establishing tumor size, radiological techniques, particularly ultrasonography, are usually relied upon to give an estimate of the tumor size for prognostication and treatment planning. Correlations between mammography, ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and pathology size have been performed in different populations with varying results however no prospective study has been done to establish the agreement between sonographic tumor size and histopathological tumor size in our population. Objectives: The main objective of this study was to determine whether or not there was a difference between the tumor size on ultrasound and tumor size on histopathology. The relationship between tumor size on ultrasound and tumor size on histopathology was also assessed. Methods: This was a prospective, observational survey. Women undergoing preoperative ultrasound for suspicious breast masses followed by lumpectomy or mastectomy were recruited into the study. The tumor sizes measured to the nearest millimeter on ultrasound and on histopathology were recorded side by side in a data sheet. Analysis: The mean difference between the two sets of measurements was assessed using a paired t-test. The paired measurements were also plotted on a scatter diagram and linear regression analysis performed to establish their degree of correlation. An equation for predicting the histopathological tumor size from the sonographic tumor size was given along with 95% confidence intervals. Outcomes: Ultrasound tended to underestimate the tumor size and the mean difference between ultrasound and histopathology was 4.3 mm (95% confidence interval of 0.8 mm to 7.8 mm; p-value of 0.0196). The equation y = 1.1758x + 0.126 best predicted the histopathology size from the ultrasound size although this did not differ significantly from the line of equality. Discussion: This study demonstrated that tumor size on ultrasound differed significantly from that on histopathology, similar to findings from previous studies. However, due to the wide variability in the size differences, it remains difficult to accurately predict the histopathological size for an individual tumor. Recommendations: Clinicians managing patients with breast cancer need to be aware that while ultrasound may be used to estimate tumor size, this estimate might differ significantly from the histopathological measurement.