قول ِمحال:(Paradox)
"ایسا تضادی بیان جو مسلمہ تصور کے برعکس ہو، پیراڈاکس کہلاتا ہے۔"
لیکن قولِ محال محض تضاد نہیں بلکہ قولِ محال جہاں شروع ہوا ہے، وہاں تضاد ختم ہونے لگتا ہے۔ تضاد تو ایک عمومی حقیقت ہے جس کے فنی بیان میں دلکشی تو ہے، صنعت کاری کا جمالِ فریب نہیں۔ اسے اتحادِ ضدین بھی کہہ سکتے ہیں۔
"پیراڈاکس’’ انیسویں صدی کی جدید صنعتِ بیان ہے جو ایک نوع کی ذہنی ورزش ہے۔نثر و نظم میں قولِ محال پیدا کرنا اور اس سے حِظ یاب ہونا، ترقی یافتہ ذہن کا کام ہے۔یہ انگریزی ادب سے ہمارے ہاں آیا۔انگریزی ادب میں آسکر وائلڈ، چسٹرٹن اور برنارڈ شا اس کے نقیب ہیں۔اردو شاعری میں قولِ محال کی مثالیں دیکھیے:
ہم نے جس شخص کو توقیرِ شناسائی دی
اس نے خوش ہوکے ہمیں عزتِ رسوائی دی
(دوسرے مصرعہ میں قولِ محال "عزتِ رسوائی"ہے)
جہلِ خرد نے دن یہ دکھائے!
گھٹ گئے انساں، بڑھ گئے سائے
(پہلے مصرعہ میں قولِ محال "جہلِ خرد’’ ہے)
(پروفیسر انور جمال کی تصنیف "ادبی اصطلاحات’’ مطبوعہ نیشنل بْک فاؤنڈیشن، اشاعتِ چہارم، مارچ 2017ئ ، صفحہ نمبر 144 سے انتخاب)
ابہام:(Ambiguity)
ابہام ایک انگریزی اصطلاح ہے جسے اردو ادب میں بھی استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔ابہام کی صورت حال اس وقت رونما ہوتی ہے جب کسی لفظ، محاورے، جملے، اشارے وغیرہ کی ایسی ترسیل کی جائے کہ اس سے ایک کی بجائے کئی معانی اور مطالب ممکن ہوں۔ ابہام کا ایک عام پہلو عدم تعین ہے۔ یہ ہر خیال یا بیان کا خاصہ ہے جس کے ارادی معانی قطعی طور کسی اصول یا طریق? کار کی روشنی میں سلجھائے نہیں جا سکتے جس میں مقررہ اقدامات شامل ہوں۔
ابہام کی مثالیں:
کئی الفاظ جن کا عام طور سے استعمال کیا جاتا ہے، مختلف لوگوں کے لیے مختلف معانی کے حامل ہوتے ہیں۔ مثلًا لمبا یا...
Orientalists have always denied the acceptance of the divinity and authenticity of Qur’an. For this purpose, they have presented multifarious objections to prove the Qur’an as a discourse of Muhammad r which he learnt from the Christian monks and derived it from the judeo-Christian sources. They specially mention that Muhammad r was not an illiterate person he was rather a pupil of the monks. In this way, their aim is to prove false the claim of the miraculous (I’jaz) style of the Qur’an. We have proved in this study that according to Quran, Tafaseer and Hadiths of Prophet r, history and logic, that Muhammad r since his birth until his death, was illetrate, did not know how to read or write. In this paper, an effort has been made to examine the Western arguments and deduce the actual position in this matter. The basic and fundamental sources have been used to precede the discussion.
Glycine max (L.) Merr.production is affected by a number of biotic and abiotic stresses. In order to overcome these challenges, development of transgenic plants, production of high-quality varieties and secondary metabolites, preservation of rare plants and protection of germplasms is of prime importance. In this regard, proper regeneration system for plant growth is needed to overcome dormancy and low germination issues by using appropriate growth hormones. In the proposed study, Glycine max (Variety Swat84) was assessed to investigate salt tolerance on the basis of growth, yield, physiological and biochemical responses. Seeds were germinated on MS medium with different concentrations of hormones for plantlet formation. Excellent callus was formed using 2, 4-D (2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) at 4.0 mg L-1 concentration. Significant induction and elongation of shoot were recorded using a combination of BAP (6Benzylaminopurine) +KIN (Kinetin) at 2.0 mg L-1 + 1.0 mg L-1 respectively while maximum root induction and elongation were recorded using IBA (Indole-3-butryic acid) at 0.5 mg L-1 concentration. For the salt tolerance experiment, 0.10 g of callus was shifted to MS medium supplemented with NaCl (sodium chloride) at concentrations of 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mM.Callus formation showed considerable decrease at all salt concentrations as compared to control. Under saline conditions, stunted shoot growth, leaf chlorosis and defoliation occurred with increasing salt stress. The root length also decreased significantly at all salt treatments from 50 mM NaCl to 200 mM NaCl.The screening of selected clones were performed by using growth rate in term of fresh and dry weight as well as fresh and dry weight ratio of callus, shoot and root. Membrane thermo stability (EC), lipid peroxidation (MDA) and Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) assays were performed to assess the stress induced damages. Salt stress significantly showed high electrolyte leakage of membranes and MDA contents both in callus and shoot. While, H2O2 intensity in callus showed an increase at 100 mM concentration and in shoot, an increase in H2O2 intensity was observed at 50 mM.Whereas, maximum proline was found at 100 mM NaCl concentration in both callus and shoot. Regarding total soluble protein, an increase at 200 mM concentration was observed in callus while an increase was observed at 100 mM NaCl in shoot.Furthetmore,SDS-PAGE analysis revealed that in both callus and shoot, the band intensity decreased with increasing salt stress level, but at 100 mM concentration, a 75kDa band was differentially expressed and all bands showed almost lowest level of intensity at NaCl 200 mM. From the results of present analysis, it can be concluded that salt stress has a destructive effecton the plants development, growth, physiology and yield.The intense effects of salinity can be overcome by using salt tolerant cell lines and maintain sustained growth on medium supplemented with NaCl when compared to salt sensitive cell lines. The significance of this study was to identify the optimal concentration of MS medium with growth hormones for improving the regeneration of Glycine max to reduce the period of regeneration using cotyledonary node.Transgenic crops can be developed which can be used not only for expression of different biochemical functions, but also for stress signal transduction that increase stress effects in plants. For cell protection, higher amount of proline and protein play an important role against oxidative stresses. Collectively, all these mechanisms allow plants to stay alive under extreme salt stress thereby leading to higher yield production of Glycine max.