اسلام کے ابتدائی عہد میں فقہی و قانونی سرگرمیوں پر تحقیقی نظر

According to Ibn-e-Taimia and Mujaddad Alf-e-Sani the Samaa’ of Quran is a real beneficial Samaa’ of perfect Muslims, the Samaa’ of poetry comprises of praise of Prophet (SAW), songs of Jihad and Islam are also permissible and admirable in Islam but the Samaa’ of innovators which comprises of opposing Shariah poetry and practicing of music and clapping is totally innovation and sin. It is important to note that unlike Ibn-e-Taimia and Hadrat Mujadad when mark the Samaa’ valid or invalid, by this he means the particular Samaa’ or spiritual songs of Sufis singed and listened with a particular method that melodramatize the people, Ibn-e-Taimia not interested in such type of Samaa’, Hadrat Mujadad also not inclined towards this type of Samaa’ but according to him it is permissible only sometime to remove the spiritual toughness. Both Allama(s) Ibn-e-Taimia and Mujadad Alf-e-Sani believe that during listening Quran or mentioning GOD(ادخ رکز) some intuitive conditions

Determination of Banned Aromatic Amines in Consumer Goods: A Greener Approach

Banned aromatic amines due to their acute toxicity in human and animals hold key importance. Certain azo dyes have the tendency to release these banned amine intermediates upon cleavage of azo bond(s), even when present in a dyed materials. The tendency of four selected azo dyes (acid red 1, direct red 28, direct blue 15 and direct red 7) to release harmful aromatic amines is analysed by the standard test methods for colorants, dyed leathers and textiles (cotton, linen, wool, nylon). The basic steps of these tests methods are similar comprising of reduction, extraction and detection by instrumental techniques. The standard method for colorants was modified for UV-visible spectroscopy in initial exploration so that a quick inference could be generated. Methods based on sophisticated techniques (e.g., GC-MS and HPLC-DAD) were used in advanced steps. Conventional reduction methods were modified using ultrasound (UAR) and microwave assisted reductions (MAR) as greener techniques. UAR experiments were additionally extended with variations of temperature and exposure time. Direct dyes were applied onto leather, wool, linen, and cotton whereas the acid dye was applied to leather, wool, and nylon (due to substantivity). All dyed samples were profiled for banned aromatic amines through GC-MS. Only DR-28 released a listed banned amine, biphenyl-4,4''-diamine in significant quantities and was selected for UAR and MAR trials. Results of UAR for 10 min caused reduction equivalent to standard methods in case of leather and wool. Comparable results were also obtained in case of MAR reduction. Pertinent results were also confirmed using HPLC-DAD. The most economical methods were MAR with an energy saving ranging between 92 and 95% and a time saving of 70 to 80% (42-48 min) as compared to the standard methods. UAR methods provided energy and time savings of 80-85% and 22-42% (13-25 min) respectively. Greener approaches were found best for matrices in following order; leather > wool > cotton. Additionally a useful scheme was suggested for the non-destructive and greener analysis of ten lab-synthesized azo dyes using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy with little or no sample preparation. The key region (azo band) appeared between 1504 and 1555 cm-1.