ڈاکٹر عبدالحق
ادھر عرصہ سے کوئی مہینہ خالی نہیں جاتا جب سینہ ملت کو کوئی نہ کوئی تازہ داغ نہ اٹھانا پڑتا ہو۔ ابھی مولانا مدنی اور مولانا ابوالکلام کا غم تازہ تھا کہ افضل العلماء مولانا ڈاکٹر عبدالحق صاحب نے داعی اجل کو لبیک کہا، وہ مدراس کے تھے، اس لیے شمالی ہند کے خواص کے علاوہ عام لوگ کم ان سے واقف تھے، وہ اپنے اوصاف و کمالات کے اعتبار سے بہت بڑی شخصیت رکھتے تھے اور آج مسلمانوں میں جیسے مرد مومن کی ضرورت ہے اس کا نمونہ تھے، ان میں علم و عمل کے سارے کمالات جمع تھے، دینی علوم کے بھی باضابطہ عالم تھے اور علوم جدیدہ کے بھی فاضل تھے، انھوں نے عربی کی تکمیل کے بعد انگریزی پڑھی اور آکسفورڈ سے ڈاکٹریٹ کی ڈگری حاصل کی، اس علم و فضل کے ساتھ بڑے دیندار اور عملی انسان تھے، انتظامی قابلیت بھی ان میں اعلیٰ درجہ کی تھی، مدراس کے مسلمانوں کی انھوں نے بڑی خدمت کی، تنہا اپنی کوشش سے مسلمانوں کے کئی ڈگری کالج قائم کیے اور وہ بجاطور پر مدراس کے سرسید کہلاتے تھے، مختلف اوقات میں بڑے بڑے تعلیمی عہدوں پر ممتاز رہے۔
اب سے چند سال پیشتر مسلم یونیورسٹی کے پرو وائس چانسلر بھی رہے تھے، اور اپنی قابلیت، دینداری اور حسن انتظام سے یونیورسٹی کی فضا بدل دی تھی، مگر اس سیکولر دور میں پھر مسلم یونیورسٹی جیسے مسلم ادارہ میں اس کی گنجائش کہاں، اس لیے تھوڑے ہی دنوں کے بعد مدراس پبلک سروس کمیشن کے ممبر بنادیئے گئے، اس وقت اس کے چیرمین تھے، مگر ان کی قابلیت اور تعلیمی تجربات کی بناء پر ممبر کی حیثیت سے یونیورسٹی کی مختلف تعلیمی اور انتظامی کمیٹیوں سے برابر ان کا تعلق قائم رہا اور وہ اس سے عملی دلچسپی لیتے رہے، حقیقۃً وہ...
مسلم تہذیب و تمدن پر ہندؤ تہذیب کے اثرات: پاکستانی تناظر میں جائزہ Islam provides a complete and comprehensive concept of civilization that includes all aspects of human life and provides a complete philosophy of life. Generally speaking a civilization is the expression of any philosophy or belief that develops into the political, social, economical and cultural norms. Main focus of the present research is the impact of Hindu civilization on our society, we see that by living with the Hindu society, their beliefs, casteism, rituals, have influenced the people around them. Pakistan is and always has been an amalgam of a diverse culture. Pakistan has a rich culture without a doubt, but this culture is in the line of fire in association to powerful Indian culture. From birth to death, there are small rituals that were normally associated with Hindus, have also slowly mixed with Islamic culture and have become inseparable. Change in the social life of Muslims of subcontinent is due to conversion of a large number of Hindus to Islam. They accepted the preaching of Islam but did not give up their practices and rituals. Consequently, their rituals and practices were incorporated into the Muslim society. Some social ceremonies associated with births, deaths, and marriages were influenced by Hindu culture. It is a fact that media played a great role in propagating Hindu culture. Therefore, in this article, efforts are made to analyze all the factors due to which we are facing challenges of Hindu civilization and how we can get rid of its impacts on Muslims thoughts, culture and society. Allah Almighty says: O people, who believe in Allah, enter the whole circle of Islam. So, to address all above-mentioned challenges, a comparative and analytical research methodology with qualitative paradigm has been conducted in this research paper. At the end, solutions have been provided.
Rock Classification methods are important for the evaluation of different rock parameters to be adopted for Civil Engineering works. The classification of rock mass also helps to optimise detailed investigation requirements of a large area. During preliminary design stage of a project, the classification of rock mass in accordance with one or more systems can be used to establish engineering characteristics of the rock mass. This also helps in estimating the strength and deformability of rock mass. A number of correlations have been developed by various researchers to correlate the rock mass rating values derived from different systems. Usually, rock mass classification data are not always available in a format that can immediately be applied to a specific engineering problem. Therefore, correlations may prove very useful to quickly derive different design parameters. Furthermore, the availability of the correlations between classification systems facilitate quick means of verifying resultant rock mass rating values, without re-calculation of the values. In this research, four main and well known rock mass classification systems i.e. Rock Mass Rating (RMR), Tunnel Quality Index (Q System), Rock Structure Rating (RSR) and Geological Strength Index (GSI) have been applied to the data obtained from Diamer Basha Dam and Kohala Hydropower Project sites and the rocks have been categorized according to the numerical values. New correlations among these classification systems have been developed which can be used for the rocks of northern area of Pakistan. Generally for a large civil engineering projects; i.e. a tunnel or a dam, modulus of deformation is required at many locations to understand the behaviour of the rock. However, sometimes it is not possible to perform several in-situ tests due to time and funds constraints. Hence it is essential to establish some relationship between rock mass classifications and modulus of deformation. Another purpose of such studies is to authenticate the existing correlations being used worldwide. Due to the abovementioned constraints, it may be uneconomical to conduct tests in all critical areas of a single project, especially for a large project having highly random rock characteristics. In such kind of situations, a few large-scale in-situ tests are conducted and correlations are made between the modulus of deformation values obtained from these tests and different classification systems. These kinds of correlations can be used for extrapolating the modulus of deformation which may be a representative of a rock mass condition for other areas of the project. However the selection of locations of the tests should be done very carefully. Empirical correlations between rock mass classification systems and deformation modulus are useful if a range of in-situ modulus values is desired to be established. Also the estimated values can be provided for the design. The correlations also indirectly shape the bases to identify the weak areas in the foundation rock that may affect the structural behaviour. In this research, data obtained from Plate Load tests and Flat Jack tests performed at Diamer Basha Dam and Kohala Hydropower Project have been analyzed to develop the correlations of modulus of deformation with four rock mass classification systems i.e. RMR, Q System, RSR and GSI. The Plate Load tests performed at Basha were on large size plate and deep deformation measurements were made with borehole extensometer installed underneath the plate. Based on the rock mass classifications in the four systems, the rock existing at Basha dam site mainly comprises Fair to Good quality igneous rock while at Kohala site it is classified as Poor to Fair quality of sedimentary rock units. The correlations developed among various rock mass classification systems have good regression coefficients ranging from 0.835 to 0.901 indicating good correlations. During the research the correlations have been developed between deformation modulus and four (4) rock mass classification systems. Two different sites of different quality of rocks have yielded different range of moduli. The correlations developed during present study have been compared with existing correlations and it has been found that generally these correlations are in good comparison with the other correlations. The research will benefit in the design of future hydropower projects of Pakistan in the region, as the developed correlations may be used to estimate the modulus of deformation at early design stages.