مسٹر چرچل
بالآخر مسٹر چرچل کو بھی پیام اجل آگیا، وہ ا س صدی کی عظیم ترین شخصیتوں میں تھے، ان میں اتنے کمالات جمع تھے کہ مشکل ہی سے ایک انسان میں جمع ہوتے ہیں، وہ صحیح معنوں میں صاحب السیف و القلم بلکہ کچھ اس سے بھی زیادہ تھے، ایوان سیاست میں بے نظیر و مدبر، عرصۂ رزم میں جنگ آزما سپہ سالار میدان علم و ادب میں سحر طراز ادیب و خطیب، وہ اپنی قوم کے بہت بڑے محسن تھے، انھوں نے جتنی طویل مدت تک اپنے ملک و قوم کی خدمت کی اس کا موقع کم لیڈروں کو ملتا ہے، انھوں نے نوے سال کی عمر پائی اور ستر سال تک مسلسل کسی نہ کسی حیثیت سے خدمت کرتے رہے، وہ برطانوی قوم کے ناخدا تھے، انھوں نے ایسے نازک موقعوں پر اس کو ڈوبنے سے بچایا جب اس کی امید بہت کم رہ گئی تھی، گو وہ قدامت پرست طبقہ سے تعلق رکھتے تھے جس کا نقطہ نظر برطانوی شہنشاہیت کی توسیع و استحکام اور دنیا میں اس کی بالادستی تھا لیکن وہ اتنے بڑے آدمی تھے اور انھوں نے اپنی قوم کی اتنی گوناگوں خدمات انجام دیں کہ ان کی ذات دنیا کے لیڈروں کے لئے نمونہ ہے جس سے ان کو سبق حاصل کرنا چاہیے۔
(شاہ معین الدین ندوی،فروری ۱۹۶۵ء)
Background: Hypertension is a growing medical and public health issue. The United States and European treatment guidelines have been issued to attain smooth control of hypertension in various categories of patients. It is a need of time to unveil safe combination therapies in various populations. Objectives: (i) To determine the efficacy of valsartan and hydrochlorothiazide versus valsartan and amlodipine (ii) To determine the safety and tolerability of both combinations. Materials & Methods: This experimental study was conducted at Shalamar Hospital Lahore. 126 patients with stage 2 hypertension were recruited from the medical outdoor of Shalamar Hospital Lahore after getting informed consent. In group A, 63 patients were given valsartan and hydrochlorothiazide. In group B, 63 patients were given valsartan and amlodipine. Blood pressure (BP) of both study groups was recorded on day zero, 2nd, 4th, and 8th weeks and the readings were entered on a Proforma. The efficacy of drug combinations was accessed in both groups by recording the change in mean systolic blood pressure (MSBP) and mean diastolic blood pressure (MDBP). The safety and tolerability of the drug combinations were assessed in terms of side effects and laboratory findings. Results: In group A, there was a 39±7mmzHg and 18±1mmHg decrease in MSBP and MDBP, respectively, from baseline BP. In group B, there was a 26.7±4mmHg and 14±2 mmHg decrease in MSBP and MDBP, respectively, from baseline BP. Both combinations were safe, and no significant difference in the efficacy of both combinations was observed after 8-week of treatment. Conclusion: Both combinations are effective for control of BP, but the valsartan and hydrochlorothiazide combination (group A) appears to have better tolerability and greater effect in decreasing BP as compared to the combination of valsartan and amlodipine (group B), although this difference is not statistically significant.
Acceptance sampling plans have been widely used in industries to make sure the high quality of incoming and outgoing products. These sampling plans are very useful to the manufacturer and the buyer for the acceptance of good products and rejection of bad products. Among many acceptance sampling schemes, the skip lot sampling scheme is used for reducing the amount of inspection of a product that has an exceptional quality history. Therefore the objective of this study is to propose a skip-lot sampling plan which provides the minimum average sample number as compared to existing sampling plans. To achieve this goal, three approaches have been used. In the first approach we present a designing methodology for batch inspection from a continuous process called the skip-lot sampling plan of type R (SkSP-R). The concept of resampling has been used in our proposed plan. We formulate the optimization problem of minimizing the average sample number to determine the plan parameters of the proposed SkSP-R sampling plan. The constraints are to satisfy the producer‘s risk at the acceptable quality level and the consumer‘s risk at the limiting quality level. The tables are presented and the results are explained with the help of an example. To check the statistical difference between the proposed plan and the existing plans, the Friedman test is applied. The efficiency of the SkSP-R sampling plan is also shown in terms of probability of acceptance and average sample number. The proposed plan is found more efficient than the single sampling plan, SkSP-2 sampling plan and SkSP-V sampling plan in terms of the average sample number. In the second approach we present an optimal designing methodology of the proposed plan based on the most widely used process capability index Cpk . For designing the optimal parameters, we consider both symmetric and asymmetric fraction non-conforming cases. Tables are constructed for each case. Advantages of the proposed plan over the existing plan are also discussed. Application of the plan is explained with the help of a real life example. Thirdly we present the designing of the proposed plan for time truncated life test. We consider the three most important life time distributions such as Weibull distribution, Exponentiated Weibull (EW) distribution and Birnbaum- Saunders (BS) distribution. The plan parameters of the SkSP-R plan under these three distributions are determined through a nonlinear optimization problem. Tables are constructed for these distributions using different shape parameters. The efficiency of the proposed plan over the existing plans is also discussed. A comparison is also made between three distributions in terms of ASNs and it has been observed that Birnbaum-Saunders distribution provides minimum ASN as compared to the other two distributions.