Social Capital’s Impact on Civic Engagement: An Empirical Study on Pakistani Youth

The aim of this research is to assess the impact of social capital on civic engagement. The quantitative method was applied to measure impact of independent variables on dependent variable. The survey instrument was applied to collected data from undergraduate student of four general Universities of Pakistan. The partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) approach was applied to measure impact of bridging, bonding social capital and trust on civic engagement. Results indicate that bonding social capital and trust have strong association with civic engagement, however, association between bridging social capital and civic engagement was found insignificant. The analyses indicate that it is a basic requirement to bring immediately policy reforms in context of youth development and create more opportunities for youth to engage in the social and structural development of society.

Stanley Depth and Sequentially Cohen- Macaulay Lexsegment Ideals

In the first chapter we give some basic definitions from commutative algebra. We give some results obtained in recent years for the Stanley depth of multigraded S-modules, where S = K[x1 , . . . , xn ] is a polynomial ring in n indeteminantes with coefficients in a field K. We also give some results regarding the progress towards the Stanley’s conjecture. In the second chapter, we show that if I ⊂ J be monomial ideals of a polynomial algebra S over a field. Then the Stanley depth of J/I is smaller or equal to the √ √ Stanley depth of J/ I. We give also an upper bound for the Stanley depth of the intersection of two primary monomial ideals Q, Q , which is reached if Q, Q √ √ are irreducible, ht(Q + Q ) is odd and Q, Q have no common variables. These results are proved in my paper [23]. In the third chapter, we give different bounds for the Stanley depth of a monomial ideal I of a polynomial algebra S over a field K. For example we show that the Stanley depth of I is less than or equal to the Stanley depth of any prime ideal associated to S/I. Also we show that the Stanley’s conjecture holds for I and S/I when the associated prime ideals of S/I are generated by disjoint sets of variables. These results are proved in my paper [24]. In the forth chapter, we give an upper bound for the Stanley depth of the edge ideal I of a k-partite complete graph and show that Stanley’s conjecture holds for I. Also we give an upper bound for the Stanley depth of the edge ideal of an s-uniform complete bipartite hypergraph. In this chapter we also give an upper bound for the Stanley depth of the edge ideal of a complete k-partite hypergraph and as an application we give an upper bound for the Stanley depth of a monomial ideal in a polynomial ring S. We give a lower and an upper bound for the cyclic module S/I associated to the complete k-partite hypergraph. These results are proved in our papers [26] and [27]. In the fifth chapter, the associated primes of an arbitrary lexsegment ideal I ⊂ S are determined. As application it is shown that S/I is a pretty clean module, therefore, S/I is sequentially Cohen-Macaulay and satisfies the Stanley’s conjecture. These results are proved in my paper [25].