(1) عبد الحق، پروفیسر، اقبال کے ابتدائی افکار، فکری سرگذشت، صفحہ 40
(2) عبدالحق، پروفیسر، تنقید اقبال اور دوسرے مضامین ، فکر اقبال کی سرگذشت کا دوسرا دور ، صفحہ 20
(3) اقبال، بکھرے خیالات، ڈاکٹر جاوید اقبال، مترجم، پروفیسر عبدالحق، صفحہ 93
(4) عبدالحق، پروفیسر، فکر اقبال کی سرگذشت ، صفحہ 144
(5) عبدالحق، پروفیسر ، فکر اقبال کی سرگذشت ، صفحہ 145
(6) اقبال، کلیات اقبال فارسی، جاوید نامہ، فلک زحل، صفحہ 730
(7) اقبال، بکھرے خیالات، ڈاکٹر جاوید اقبال، مترجم پروفیسر عبد الحق ، صفحہ 60
(8) اقبال ، کلیات اقبال اردو، بانگ درا، وطنیت ، صفحہ 18
(9) عبد الحق، پروفیسر، اقبال کا حرف شیریں، اقبال اور تعلیم و تربیت ، صفحہ 55
(10) عبد الحق، پروفیسر، اقبال اور اقبالیات، اقبال اور مقام شبیری، صفحہ 16
(11) عبد الحق، پروفیسر ، اقبال اور اقبالیات ، اقبال اور مقام شبیری ، صفحہ 11
(12) عبدالحق، پر وفیسر، تنقید اقبال اور دوسرے مضامین، مطالعہ اقبال کے چند اسلامی پہلو، صفحہ 21
(13) عبد الحق، پروفیسر ، اقبال اور اقبالیات ، اقبال کا شعری آہنگ، صفحہ 41
(14) اقبال ، کلیات اقبال اردو ، ضرب کلیم، مومن، صفحہ 558
It has been said that exogamous marriages tend to lead to language shift (Igboanus & Wolf, 2009 & Dumanig, David & Shanmuganathan, 2013). In an early study Gal (1978) found that Hungarian women marrying German men in the city of Oberwat had shifted to German to negate their peasant Hungarian ancestry and to move up the socio-economic ladder. Similarly, David and Dealwis (2011) found in their study of Malaysian Sindhi Hindus that exogamous marriages tend to lead to language shift but is not the only reason for the shift away from the heritage language. Therefore, before mixed marriages take place one should study perceptions of the speech community towards such marriages. In this exploratory study, the perceptions of Sindhi Muslims-men and women and from different socio-economic groups towards exogamous marriages are studied. With this objective, semi-structured interviews were conducted with ten Sindhi Muslim participants (four male adults and six female adults) who live in Karachi. The interviews were recorded, transcribed, coded and themes were generated after formal consent was obtained. The findings show that language choice in the home domain is shifting because of intercultural marriages. Also, such marriages are frequent among Sindhi community members with a high socio-economic status who live in cities. Gender plays an equal role too, as the women respondents showed mixed responses towards exogamous marriages while the male respondents had a more positive perception. Such views and perceptions may affect choice of marital partners and language choice in the home domain.
This study is done to achieve the aim of formulating microsponges containing CPM alone and in combination with cefexime as API. The microsponge drug delivery system (MDDS) is a porous polymeric system. These are tiny sponge like particles that consist of myriad of interconnecting voids within a non-collapsible structure with a large porous surface through which active ingredients are released in a controlled manner. In this study microsponges are prepared by using Eudragit RS 100 as polymer and PVA as emulsifying agent in different ratios with constant amount of CPM and cefexime. Quasi emulsion solvent diffusion method was used to formulate microsponges. Percentage yield, percent drug entrapment, flow properties including compressibility by Carr’s index, tapped bulk density, loose bulk density, Haunser’s ratio of these microsponges are calculated. From these studies it was shown that percentage yield increased with the increase in the polymer ratio and percentage entrapment was decreased with the increase in the polymer ratio. Results of Carr’s index and Haunser’s ratio indicate excellent flow properties of all microsponges. These microsponges are then characterized by FT-IR and SEM. In-vitro dissolution studies were carried out in USP dissolution apparatus at 50 rpm at 37±0.5 ͦ C. Release kinetic parameters indicated that formulated optimized microsponges were following the korsmeyer peppas release kinetic. All results of physicochemical parameters and characterization values indicate that the optimized CM9 of CPM containing and CCM9 of CPM-CEF containing microsponge formulations will be good for transforming it further into gels and subjected to different evaluation parameters analysis. Then CPM and CPM-CEF entrapped microsponges loaded gels CMG of CM9 microsponges and CCMG of CCM9 respectively by employing Carbopol as gelling agent and Propylene glycol (PG) and Polyethylene glycol (PEG-1000) as permeation enhancing agent. In-vitro studies were executed with the help of USP dissolution apparatus set at revolutions of 60 rpm and at temperature about 37±0.5 ºC. Release kinetic models depicted that formulated microsponges loaded gel was following the first order release model. In Franz diffusion cells, human skin membrane was used to determine the permeation effects. Fick’s laws were employed to compute permeation kinetic parameters such as Flux (J), Permeation Co-efficient (Kp), Diffusion Co-efficient (D), Enhancement Ratios (ER) and Input Rate (IR) of CMG are done. Preformulation studies of both CMG and CCMG were made through Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopic (FT-IR) records which illustrated absence of any drug-polymer interactions. All physicochemical distinctive features of gel such as viscosity, solubility, spreadability, mucoadhessive force, extrudibility, homogeneity, pH, partition co-efficient (Ko/w), Draize’s skin irritation test and stability studies at 25±0.5ºC and at 40ºC±0.5ºC were calculated. All results demonstrated that the CMG and CCMG will be favorable for further clinical trials evaluations.