Correlation between Onset of Renal Disease with Diabetes onset of renal disease in diabetics

Diabetes is associated with number of vascular and nonvascular complications, and the vascular complications which include Cardiovascular Disease (CVD), peripheral vascular disease (PVD), stroke, retinopathy, neuropathy, and Diabetic Kidney Diseases (DKD are responsible for most of the morbidity and mortality attributable to diabetes. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the correlation of onset of any renal disease with diabetes in Pakistani population. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted at Medicine and Nephrology Departments of the Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Lahore, over a period of 3 months, after obtaining the ethical approval from the The University of Lahore. A total number of 100 Diabetic patients were selected through non probability convenient sampling technique. Patients of both sexes and all age groups were included. Results: In this study 60% were male and 40% were female. Most of the patients belonged to lower socioeconomic status. Frequency of onset of diabetes with age showed that patients between age of 41-50 years (33%) were more susceptible to diabetes and its complications whereas onset of diabetes was relatively higher in males as compared to females. Frequency distribution of CVD among diabetic patients was 19%. Conclusions: Results of current findings showed that diabetes mellitus also leads toward further microvascular complications and co-exist with different diseases. 

Effectiveness of Teacher Education Programs Offered Through Annual and Semester Systems

In 2009, Government of Pakistan formulated National Professional Standards for Teachers (NPST), to devise a mechanism for accreditation of teacher education institutions and programs. The achievement of these NPST is assumed as the reliable parameter for exploring the effectiveness of any teacher education program. This study addresses the effectiveness of Bachelor of Education (B.Ed) program offered through annual and semester system at University of Education (UE) Lahore, focusing on three (3) selected NPST (2009) Pakistan i.e Instructional Planning and Strategies, Learning Environment and Assessment. The study is of quantitative nature, which comprised of three (3) phases. The first phase was a content analysis of the scheme of studies of B.Ed program offered through annual and semester systems. In the second phase, data was collected through four (4) questionnaires and from 348 prospective teachers (who have completed their course work of teacher education program) and 60 teachers (teacher educators). Finally, the third phase was carried out through the observation of 36 graduate teachers (who have already graduated through annual or semester system and are presently working as teachers in the schools) against checklist. The study concluded that except the modes of assessment, there is no difference in scheme of studies, entry requirements, teaching strategies, medium of instruction and the duration of B.Ed program offered through annual and semester systems. Moreover, the prospective teachers showed their inclination towards the annual system and rated it effective for the offering of teacher education program under study. While the teachers (teacher educators and graduate teachers) considered that semester system is more effective for offering the teacher education program.