2۔قتل شبہ عمد
جو کوئی کسی شخص کو جسمانی یا ذہنی ضرر پہچانے کی نیت سے کسی ایسے ہتھیار یا فعل کے ذریعے جس سے عام حالات میں موت واقع ہونے کا امکان نہیں ہوتا ۔ اس کی یا کسی دوسرے شخص کی موت کا باعث ہوجائے تو کہا جائے گا کہ اس نے قتل شبہ عمد کا ارتکاب کیا ہے۔ 206
The methods of Al-Hafiz Al-Zaili in criticizing of text of the Sunnah as described in his book Nasbu Al-Raya in analyzing the hadiths of Hidayah. The science of criticism is well known science since the era of the Companions, and critics of the hadith of the honorable companions have played a very important role in the field of narration and carefully criticizing it. And by passage of the era of the Companions and beginning the era of the followers (tabieen), the criticism became more obvious depending on the growing need, especially after spreading of lie, and creation of fake hadith, which led the critics to further research and verification, for scrutiny between the narrations and then differentiation between the right and the weak. The imams and scholars of hadith from the era of the Companions till present continuously inheriting the approach of criticizing the narratives in succession of their predecessors, whether criticizing the narrators or the texts. I have seen that it is worthwhile to stand on the efforts and methods of one of the imams in his criticism of the hadiths and I have chosen the effort of Imam Hafiz al-Zaili through his book " Nasbu Al-Raya in analyzing the hadiths of Hidayah" to learn how he was using the standards traded among the scholars of Hadith for textual criticism of Sunnah. As the those denied the hadiths from orientalists and their followers and those who follow their example simply claim that the scholars of hadith did not criticize the Sunnah in true criticism and even if they have criticized the hadiths, their criticism was only concerning the narratives not the text, now it is clear through this article that the scholars of hadith did not leave the side of the text, but they criticized text as they criticized the attribution of the hadiths. They set solid rules, which remain scholarly proven and accurate forever. We will revolve in this article around the following topics: learning about Al Hafez Zaili and the science of criticism, methods of textual criticism according to Hafiz Zaili, by focusing on: Criticism of the hadiths for violating the explicit meaning of the Qur'an, or for contradicting the Sunnah, or for contradicting the explicit consensus, or for risking and exaggerating the promise or the warning of simple action, or lack thereof in books of hadith These are the most important rules sited by al-Hafiz al-Zaili, which he practiced and criticized the hadiths and distinguished them between the correct and the weak.
The main aim of this thesis is to present some new and recent results from the theory of non-Newtonian fluids. Such results refer to different motions of generalized second grade and Oldroyd-B fluids and ordinary Maxwell fluids. Generally, the con- stitutive equations for generalized non-Newtonian fluids are obtained from those for non-Newtonian fluids by replacing the time derivatives of an integer order by the so called Rieman-Liouville fractional operators. In chapter 2, it is studied the rotational flow of a generalized second grade fluid between two infinite coaxial cylinders. The velocity field ω(r, t) and the shear stress τ (r, t), obtained by means of Laplace and Hankel transforms, are presented under series form in terms of generalized G functions. The obtained solutions can be spe- cialized to give the similar solutions for ordinary second grade and Newtonian fluids performing the same motion. Chapter 3 deals with the study of helical flow of gener- alized Oldroyd-B fluids in a single circular cylinder. The components of velocity field and their associated shear stresses have been found in terms of generalized G and R functions and are presented as sum of two terms, one of them is the similar solution for the Newtonian fluid. Chapter 4 contains some remarkable results regarding the energetic balance for the flow of Maxwell fluid due to a constantly accelerating plate. We have determined the dissipation, the power due to the shear stress at the wall and boundary layer thickness for this motion. The corresponding results for the similar flow of a Newtonian fluid are also recovered as special case. The specific features of both fluids are compared and discussed. viiAcknowledgements In the name of Allah, the Most Beneficent, the Most Merciful. Clearly, when the task of this magnitude is undertaken, many people are involved in some capacity and deserve to be recognized. Firstly, it has been my pleasure to thank Dr. Constantin Fetecau, my supervisor, a highly educated, capable and devoted person, and I do feel much pleased and grateful for the attention, he has given me and also for the keen interest which he has kindly shown towards the future prospect of this dissertation. I will remain thankful to him for his encouragement to me whenever I lost heart due to lengthy and complicated computations. In fact the work could never been completed without his lucid instructions, consistent help and watchful checking. I took advantage of his useful advices and guidance at each step of the completion of this work. It is so nice of Professor A. D. R. Chaudhary, the Director General, Abdus Salam School of Mathematical Sciences (ASSMS), who provided me a wonderful atmosphere for quality research and hard work at this institute. I admire his efforts that he succeeded to attract world renowned mathematicians who contributed a lot to the progress of this school. I am also thankful to Higher Education Commission and the Punjab Govern- ment for their financial support, which supported me very much in concentrating my research work. I humbly pray to Allah for my parents, for their prayers and guidance throughout my life. I would also like to thank my colleagues and official staff of ASSMS for their moral support and cooperation.