ڈاکٹر رادھا کرشنن
ڈاکٹر رادھا کرشنن گزشتہ ماہ اس دار فانی کو چھوڑ گئے، علم و فن کے فروغ دینے میں ان کا نام رابندرناتھ ٹیگور، جسے۔ سی۔ بوس۔، اور سی۔ وی۔ رمن جیسی قدآور شخصیتوں کے ساتھ لیا جائے گا ان کی وفات سے اس ملک میں بیسویں صدی کا ایک زریں علمی عہد ختم ہوگیا۔
وہ ہندو ادب کے بہت بڑے شارح تھے، فلسفہ میں بھی ان کا علم بہت گہرا تھا، اس لئے ہندو مذاہب کے عقائد و تفکرات میں فلسفیانہ موشگافی کرتے رہے، وہ گسان جیمس وارڈ، ولیم جیمس اور برٹنڈ رسل کے فلسفے سے متاثر تھے، تو خود ان کی علمی گہرائی اور فلسفیانہ ژرف نگاہی کا اعتراف طامسن من اور ایچ جی۔ ویلس جیسے مشاہیر نے کیا، کلکتہ، میسور اور مدارس کی یونیورسٹیوں میں استاد رہنے کے بعد آکسفورڈ یونیورسٹی کے بھی پروفیسر رہے، اندھرا اور بنارس یونیورسٹیوں کے وائس چانسلر بھی بنائے گئے، بیرونی ممالک نے بھی مختلف قسم کے اعزاز اور انعامات سے نوازا جس سے ہندوستان کی عظمت و فضیلت میں بھی اضافہ ہوا، ان کی متعدد تصانیف میں ایک کتاب ’’مذہب کی حکومت جدید فلسفہ‘‘ پر ہے جس میں دکھایا گیا ہے کہ جدید فلسفہ خود مذاہب سے متاثر ہے، وہ بڑے خوش بیان اور باوقار مقرر بھی تھے بولتے تو معلوم ہوتا کہ فضا میں سیم وزر کی آواز کھنک رہی ہے اسی کے ساتھ سامعین محسوس کرتے کہ ان سے اخلاق اور روحانیت کا پیام مل رہا ہے۔
پنڈت جواہر لال نہرو ان کی قابلیت اور اعلیٰ سیرت سے متاثر تھے، اس لئے ان کو علم کی سند سے اٹھا کر سیاست کی مسند اعلیٰ پر بٹھایا، وہ پہلے نائب صدر جمہوریہ ہند پھر صدر بنائے گئے، جس سے خود ان دونوں عہدوں میں وزن اور وقار پیدا ہوگیا، افلاطون فلسفی حکمران کو پسند کرتا تھا،...
Human cloning has emerged as a new and innovative technology in the reproductive and therapeutic science in the recent past. So far it has not been practiced over human beings but owing to its huge potential and possible scope, it has attracted the attention of not only the masses (particularly the infertile couples and LGBTQs etc) but the other stakeholders including the religious scholars from worlds’ prominent religions have given their views on this technology in order to guide their followers. This paper examines and reviews the religious points of view on human cloning. For this purpose, three Semitic religions in the world i-e Judaism, Christianity, and Islām have been examined. As far as Islam is concerned, this portion has been divided into two broad sections elaborating the Shī‘ah and Sunnī schools’ opinions. Being an innovative topic, the religious teachings do not address it directly hence the injunctions related to the reproduction are most relevant to it. Three Semitic religions have been examined from the perspective of admissibility or non-admissibility of human cloning, the rationale behind the verdict on human cloning and the possible solutions to the issues and problems faced by the followers in the case of acceptance or rejection of this biomedical technology. Most of the religions emphasize over adaptability of the natural mode of reproduction only, where male and female genders contribute to the reproductive cycle. The Semitic religions reject the reproductive cloning generally. The religious experts need to conduct more focused and updated research before coming to any conclusion about the permissibility or non-permissibility of this technique.
Communication system has a key position in smart grid (SG). Smooth operation among different functional blocks of smart grid, i.e. generation, transmission, distribution, utility, and consumers require reliable and efficient exchange of information. Hybrid architecture in smart grid, in the form of Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) consists of gateways/access points and smart meters. AMI network facilitates consumers to take benefits of real-time pricing, demand side management, load scheduling and upgrading the software updates through access points to multiple smart meters without visiting every place. Information sharing can take place in the shape of readings from meters to AMI, from meters to utility and from AMI to utility. This information exchange is either scheduled, on-demand or in the form of mass transfer. Information exchange in the form of time of use (TOU) and real-time pricing also occurs from utility to meters. Broadcasting is one possible solution in these scenarios for information exchange. Data broadcasting in AMI networks can be achieved using many wired and wireless communication technologies including Zigbee, Wireless LAN, Powerline Communication (PLC), WiMAX 802.16, Cellular, and Digital Subscriber Lines (DSL). But these technologies either have limited range or can be used for licensed users only. For these reasons, Cognitive Radio Networks (CRNs) are one possible solution that provides large data transmission utilizing available spectrum resources from licensed and unlicensed bands. Broadcasting is challenging in CRNs due to Licensed/Primary User (PU) activity, availability of multiple channels, and channel diversity. Therefore, PU protection must be provided at all cost and data transmission should be quick and reliable for a smooth operation. In this thesis, two novel reliable schemes are proposed, i.e., PRobability-based Broadcasting scheme for CR-based Smart Grid (PRB-CRSG) and Area-based Broadcasting scheme for CR-based Smart Grid (ARB-CRSG) specifically designed for AMI networks. These schemes provide reliable data to smart meters with sufficient PU protection. Both these schemes have been compared with two flooding techniques, i.e., "Key Policy Attribute Based Encryption" (KP-ABE) and "Key Management Scheme" (KMS). Simulation in NS-2 validates these schemes as a viable solution in cognitive radio-based smart grid systems.