سگمنڈ فرائڈ
گذشتہ ستمبر میں آسٹریلیا کے مشہور محلل نفسی سگمنڈ فرایڈ کا پچاسی سال کی عمر میں لندن میں انتقال ہوگیا۔
نفسیات میں اس کا موضوع جنسی جبلت تھا، پچاس برس تک وہ اس پر غور و فکر کرتا رہا، شروع میں اس نے پانچ سال تک وائنا میں عصبی المزاجی پر تحقیقات کی، ۱۸۹۶ء میں جب اس نے اپنے لکچروں میں یہ دعویٰ کیا کہ عصبی المزاج اشخاص کے مرض کا سبب ان کی جنسی جبلت میں پایا جاتا ہے، تو عام طور سے اسے مضحکہ انگیز سمجھا گیا، لیکن عصبی المزاجی کے مریض رفتہ رفتہ سگمنڈ فرائڈ کی طرف رجوع کرنے لگے، ان میں بعض ایسے تھے، جو جانوروں سے غیر معمولی طور سے خوفزدہ رہتے تھے یا گفتگو میں ہکلاتے تھے، یا تھوڑی تھوڑی دیر کے بعد اپنے ہاتھوں کو پانی سے دھوتے رہتے تھے، یا سر کے درد یا کسی اور بیماری میں مدتوں سے مبتلا رہتے تھے، یا ان کے ہاتھ اور پاؤں مفلوج تھے، ان میں سے اکثر جنون کی حد تک پہنچ چکے تھے، فرائڈ ان تمام امراض کا علاج نفسیاتی طریقہ سے کرنا چاہتا تھا، مگر اس سے اس کو اب تک واقفیت نہیں ہوئی تھی۔
اس قسم کے امراض کا علاج عموماً مصنوعی نیند کے ذریعہ سے کیا جاتا تھا، ایک دن فرائڈ کے ایک دوست ڈاکٹر جوزف بردار نے اس سے اپنی ایک مریضہ کا واقعہ بیان کیا، مریضہ کی عمر اکیس سال تھی، اس کا باپ ایک مہلک مرض میں مبتلا تھا، وہ اس کی تیمارداری کرتی تھی، کہ ایک دن اس کے داہنے ہاتھ اور دونوں پیروں میں فالج گرگیا، ڈاکٹر مذکور نے مصنوعی نیند کی حالت میں مریضہ سے مختلف سوالات کئے، اس سے مرض کے تمام علامات ظاہر ہوتے گئے، تیمارداری کے زمانہ میں لڑکی نے اپنی بہت سی خواہشوں کو...
Every single thing made by Allah, the Creator of all things has its own essence of beauty and attraction to it. However, out of all the stunning creations of Almighty Allah, humans are the most superior creation which has the ability to gain knowledge. We, humans, have been given the power by Allah to explore the rest of his creations in nature and fully understand the beauty and functions of each and every aspect of it in order to take advantage of it. Islam is a religion based on nature and Shariah is a law which lays down rules for Muslims to follow which also allows us to move forward with the advancements in the world. It has a unique way of life for any person of any time to follow which cannot be found in any other religion. However, any development which takes place creates new problems and new obstacles which can only be manoeuvred by the researchers and scholars of that specific time who will decide the right use of that commodity and explain the commodity. This will allow the new invention to be utilised fully. Moreover, in this world many people want to look their best and feel their best and will be willing to go through many ways for their ideal look. With this desire, many jobs become associated with achieving this for people. Nonetheless, this leads to people putting their time, money and effort into something which can risk their entire life which can result in either an advantage or disadvantage. Moreover, they should know whether this is against their religious values. Those acts which cross your religious boundaries and are considered “haram”or not permitted are wrong. Thus, it is necessary for us to first consider whether it is crossing the boundaries and proving to be disadvantageous for you so that the wrong norms and values are not transmitted into the future generations.
The Madrassa system has been providing an alternative mean to get education, which is religious in nature, according to the Islamic traditional values and is also affordable. Madrasa system in Pakistan is performing the functions of educational institution. Political socialization can be defined as acquisition of political culture and incorporation of political norms. To have a stable society is very important to study the political socialization. Madrassa as a part of education institution is likely to affect the political system of Pakistan, which is another social institution and vice versa through political socialization. The study is focused on the political socialization of the Madrassa students of Pakistan. An effort has been made to study the political socialization through the variables, political trust, citizens’ duties, political efficacy, political participation and political knowledge. The study is based on the primary data collected using mix research method to study the political socialization of madrassa through these variables. The qualitative and quantitative strands are carried out in split manner yet concurrently and are incorporated while interpreting a comprehensive and substantiated conclusion. The findings of the study show that madrassa students trust on the political system of Pakistan, they behave in society as good citizens by obeying the laws and rules set by the government as a citizen of a country. The students take part in the politics by supporting and voting for some candidate. Most of them have affiliation with some political parties. The findings of the study also show that the political knowledge of madrassa students increases with increase in their age. The study concludes that the madrassa education system is contributing in political system of the Pakistan through socializing the madrassa students about the politics. Both students and the teachers of madrassa understand the concepts of political trust, citizen duties, political efficacy, political participation and political knowledge.