2۔قتل شبہ عمد
کوئی شخص ، کسی کو ایسے ہتھیار سے مارے جس کی ضرب سے عام طور پر انسان نہیں مرتاجیسے کوڑا ، معمولی ڈنڈالیکن اگر مضروب اس چیز کی ضرب سے مرجاتا ہے تو یہ قتل شبہ عمد ہوگا۔
Muhammad’s (SAW life is fully reserved and recorded in history. It has been established beyond a shadow of doubt that not only the major and significant events of his life but even the minutest details of his life are also painstakingly preserved by the Muslims. In spite of the availability of abundant authentic documents concerning Muhammad’s (SAW) life, sayings and deeds, some critics of Islam stubbornly refuse to believe in his historicity. Robert Spencer is one such critic who maintains that Muhammad’s (SAW) value is nothing more than a fictional or mythological figure. This article is an attempt to prove the existence of Muhammad (SAW) in contemporary non-Muslims sources. The article is divided into three major parts: the first part of the paper throws light on how much emphasis Muslims lay on historical authenticity of Muhammad (SAW), in the second part of the paper views and doubts of prominent like orientalists Spencer concerning Muhammad’s (SAW) historical authenticity have been summarized, whereas the third part presents Robert Spencer’s views in the same connection and endeavors to refute his views and approach drawing on contemporary non-Muslim Sources.
The demand of 21st century is to develop the learner’s potential to become critical thinkers, effective problem solvers and decision makers. This is possible when a teacher provides learning opportunities to the students to develop their data analysis skills. My study aimed to understand the data analysis skills of the science students who are engaged in inquiry in science. For this purpose, three inquiry activities were designed to teach three science concepts on the topic ‘Effects of Heat Energy”. A qualitative research design was used to respond to my research question in this study. Six student of Grade VIII from Leading Stars Private Secondary School (Pseudonym) Karachi participated in this study, among them two were girls and four were boys. The data was obtained through field notes and videos recordings. Later the data was analyzed by breaking videos into segments to find the themes and their meanings. After that video transcription of selected segments of the lesson was done by listening and writing every sentence or phrase of each individual student. Then the summary of the videotaped lesson was made. After transcribing the segments of the video and writing the summary of lessons, identified some themes that were emerged from the lessons and explained those themes in detail. The findings of my study reveal that majority of the students demonstrated analysis skills such as (identifying relevant science concepts from the activity being demonstrated, applying previously learnt concepts, identifying the procedure that is being followed and giving a reason for the phenomena at hand) well in all three inquiry activities. However, analysis skills such as (suggesting a solution for the problem at hand and articulating a conclusion) were less used in three inquiry activities and poorly developed in majority of the students. This study also indicates that students improve their analysis skills more in an interactive learning environment and the skills which are normally used by the students in their daily science classroom are found to be improved. So, it becomes very essential to improve data analysis skills of the students by employing creative teaching strategies to bring innovation in teaching and learning science.