کعبہ کی تعمیر نو:
آپ ﷺ کی عمر مبارک پینتیس برس کی تھی جب قریش نے کعبہ کی تعمیر نو کا ارادہ کیا ۔ تعمیر نو کی ایک وجہ تو یہ تھی کہ ایک عورت کعبہ کو خوشبودار دھونی دے رہی تھی کہ آگ لگ گئی جس سے کافی نقصان ہوا ۔ دوسری یہ وجہ تھی کہ دیواروں میں شگاف پڑے ہوئے تھے ۔ وہ اس طرح کہ بند ٹوٹ گیا جو مکہ کو سیلاب سے بچانے کے لیے بنایا گیا تھا ۔ سیلاب کی وجہ سے صحن حرم پانی سے بھر گیا تھا ۔ پہلے کعبہ کی چاردیواری تھی مگر چھت نہیں تھی ۔ ان حالات میں از سر نو تعمیر کعبہ کا بیڑا اٹھایا گیا یہ بہت دلچسپ بات ہے کہ کسی غیر قوم کاقبضہ کر کے گرا دینے ، منہدم کرنے کا واقعہ خانہ کعبہ کے ساتھ پانچ ہزار سال سے نہیں ہوا تھا جیسا کہ ہیکل یروشلم کے ساتھ بارہا ایسے واقعات پے درپے ہوتے رہے اور یہ ایسا شرف ہے کہ دنیا کے کسی عبادت خانہ کو حاصل نہیں ۔ ( رحمت اللعالمین ۔۱۔۴۳)
دوران تعمیر حجر اسود کے نصب کرنے کا مرحلہ آیا تو اختلاف پیدا ہوا ، یکے یو سف ہزار خریداروالا معاملہ تھا یعنی ہر شخص کی خواہش تھی کہ وہ حجر اسود کو کعبۃ اللہ کی دیوار میں نصب کرے ، بالآخر ایک بزرگ کی بات پر اتفاق ہوا کہ کل جو شخص سب سے پہلے باب بنی شیبہ سے حرم میں داخل ہو اس کو حکم مان لو اور وہ جو فیصلہ کریں اس پر عمل کریں ۔ اس رائے کو بالاتفاق پسند کیا گیا اور اسی پر عمل درآمد کرنے کا فیصلہ ہوا ۔ اگلی صبح آنحضرت ﷺ سب سے پہلے باب بنی شیبہ سے حرم میں داخل ہوئے۔ آنے والوں نے آپ ﷺ کو...
Buddhism is dominated by such other characteristics as sympathy, pity, and kindness. Furthermore, it forbids all kind of cruelty, violence, murder, brutality, and giving pain to any living creature. However, contrary to his teachings, the way his followers have targeted the Rohingya Muslims with violence and atrocities only shows how little they follow Gautama Buddha. Right from the independence of Burma, Buddhists, declaring Muslims as a threat, started their genocide, which involved attacking their mosques, their homes, dishonoring Muslim women, and harassing the Muslims without any reason. This compelled Muslims to leave their homes and migrate. The recent wave of violence, starting in June 2012, seriously affected the Muslim majority province of Arakan. Keeping in mind, Arakan is one of the fourteen Burmese provinces, where Islam have ruled since the time of Isalmic Caliphate. Unfortunately, in 1784, Burmese Prince Bodo Phia violated this garden of Islam by carrying out Muslim genocide. He banned all symbols of Islam such as pilgrimage, sacrifice, prayers, Friday and Eid Prayers, and preaching. This study points out the religious problems and issues of Muslims believers in Arakan including its impact, causes and consequences on their lives. The analytical research Methodolgy has been adopted in this studty.
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is most nutritionally and economically important crop in Pakistan and around the world. Early blight (EB) in one of tomato dreadful disease caused by fungal pathogen Alternaria solani (Ellis and Martin, 1882) causes major yield losses. Prolonged humidity due to extensive rain and warm conditions during growing season of tomato make this disease unmanageable through sanitation, crop rotation, fungicide application etc. leaving cultivation of resistant varieties as the most appropriate control measure. This study focused mainly to screen phenotypic and molecular marker assisted R gene analogues against A. solani for EB in tomato • Initially twenty nine tomato germlines/varieties were evaluated for their resistance against A. solani by artificially inoculating 15-days old tomato seedlings grown in potted soil in green house. Among them, 8 germlines/varieties were grouped as resistant (RR), seven as moderately resistant (MR); six as moderately susceptible (MS) and eight as susceptible (SS) on the basis of percent disease index (PDI) and growth inhibition index (GII) at 30 DAI (days after inoculation) and 60 DAI. Physiological parameters i.e. total chlorophyll content and carotenoids decreased in all inoculated germlines/varieties with most significant reduction in moderately susceptible and susceptible germlines/varieties at both 30 DAI and 60 DAI. However, biochemical attributes i.e. total phenolics, total protein content and activities of antioxidant enzymes [(peroxidase (POX), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) and catalase (CAT)] increased in all inoculated germlines/varieties with respect to corresponding control. Total phenolics, total protein content, POX, PPO and PAL activities were higher in susceptible than in resistant germlines/varieties. Whereas, activity of CAT was the highest in resistant and least in susceptible groups. • RAPD assay using 50 RAPD decamers reveled polymorphism with 32 decamers. The polymorphic pattern acquired by 32 RAPD decamers produced 181 loci (5.7 loci per primer), 157 were polymorphic (86%) and 24 were monomorphic (14%) in all 29 germlines/varieties. Marker A-04, A-10, B-05, L-15, L-17, M-04 and M-07 produced bands ranges from 500-1031 bp specifically in RR group and M-08 and M-10 generated loci (500-800 bp) exclusively in MR. Similarly, A-18, L-06, L-09, L-11, M-09 and OPJ- 10 produced bands from 200-1500 bp in MS and L-09 amplified the loci of 1200 bp only in completely SS. The cluster analysis revealed 60% homology among all germlines/varieties and segregated them into two major groups. Group I was further divided into 3 sub-groups including RR (575, Zeba, KHT-105, KHT-106-G, Advanta- 1206, Mishal, Namadar and Savana); MR (Advanta-1225, Baby red, Yaqoot, Maharaja, Commander, KHT-101 B and TO-1057) and MS (FMC-339, Shangrilla, Thorgal, Rio Grande, Roma and Surkhab). Group 2 comprised of SS germlines (AS-2565, Cluster- 809, GHT-1, Naqeeb, GHT-2, Mongal, Cluster-805 and Roshan). • Resistance gene analogues (RGAs) screening was conducted with 12 tomato germlines/varieties i.e. 4 from RR, 3 from MR, 3 from MS and 2 from SS categorized through PDI, GII and RAPD analysis. DNA of selected 12 germlines/varieties was amplified with 10 RGA primers pairs from conserved region of leucine-rich repeat (LRR), nucleotide binding site (NBS) and protein kinase (Ptokin) domains. Only 3 RGAs xv primer pairs i.e. PtoFen (S+AS), Ptokin (3+4) and Ptokin (1+2) successfully generated discrete PCR products ranges from 200-1100 bp. Primer pair PtoFen (S+AS) produced bands in all germlines/varieties, Band of 533 bp was amplified only in SS and in one variety (Roma) in MS, while band of 511 bp was amplified in the remaining germlines/varieties. The sequence of PtoFen RGAs’ from RR, MR and MS showed the maximum homology of 97-100% with serine/threonine protein kinase protein and had Pkc domain encoding region at 121 to 510 nucleotide. Primers Ptokin 3 and Ptokin 4 generated PCR product of ≃130 bp in SS, while band of ≃208 bp was produced in other germlines/varieties. Moreover, only the band sequenced from RR, MR and MS showed homology of 97-99% with Lycopersicum hirsutum clone RGA sequences. Primers Ptokin (1+2) produced two discrete bands of ≃ 1 kb and 1.3 kb only in RR, MR and MS germlines/varieties. No band was generated in SS germlines. However, sequence and cluster analysis dichotomize the bands of ≃ 1 kb in 2 MR + 2 MS (TO-1057, Yaqoot, Surkhab, FMC-339) and≃ 1.3 kb in 3 RR (Advanta-1209, Zeba and 575) into two divisions with 46% homology and 0.26 genetic distance. It was concluded that combination of phenotypic and genotypic (RGAs) approaches with bioinformatics tools could be used to identify EB resistance in tomato. This study would be a guideline towards solution to devastating fungal pathogen through developing resistant cultivars that could be later used in breeding program for sustainable crop production.