کامیابی
کر نال ملاّح دے پیار کُڑے
جے توں لنگھنا چاہویں پار کُڑے
دن چڑھیا تے شام ہو جانی اے
ڈھل جانی اے یار جوانی اے
تیری ڈولی جنگل جانی اے
جتھے دُکھ ہزار کُڑے
کر نال ملاّح دے پیار کُڑے
اوہ پینڈا دور دراز دا اے
اوتھے پہلا پچھ نماز دا اے
اوہ جانوں راز نیاز دا اے
کر عمل تے کھٹ بہار کُڑے
کر نال ملاّح دے پیار کُڑے
تدھ چوڑا چھن چھن چھنکے نی
گل پا حضوری منکے نی
رنگ دار تے ونکو ونکے نی
توں ہس کے وقت گزار کُڑے
کر نال ملاّح دے پیار کُڑے
تیرے وال سنہری بھاندے نیں
جو ویکھن خوشیاں پاندے نیں
ایہہ ہسن چار دناں دے نیں
نہیں لگنا فیر بزار کڑے
کر نال ملاّح دے پیار کُڑے
تینوں سائیں سنہڑے گھلے نی
توں خرچہ بنھ لے پلے نی
جاندی نوں کہڑا ٹھلے نی
توں کیتا سی اقرار کُڑے
کر نال ملاّح دے پیار کُڑے
قادریؔ دی گل پلے پاویں
اکھیں کسے دے نال نہ لاویں
سچے در تے سیس نواویں
تینوں ملسی چین قرار کُڑے
کر نال ملاّح دے پیار کُڑے
Accountability is essential for proper working of government and its institutes. If it the head and other members of government are not hold accountable then they can cross their limits and rights of people may not be preserved. Authoritative persons may take advantage of their position. Western political thinkers are of mix opinion, some of them think it necessary to be held accountable but a few deny this. Islam strictly prohibit the miss use of authority so accountability is its essential part. Since the reign of Holy Prophet (PBUH) as the head of first Islamic state, special focus has been put on accountability. People were appoint for this purpose. Caliphates put themselves in front of their masses to ask whatever their want to ask. They are only be obeyed until they order according to the Islamic law.
This thesis describes the development and characterization of single crystal and polycrystalline CdTe/ZnxCd1-xS based solar cells along with the modeling of CdTe based solar cells. Solar cells hold great hopes for use as an environmental friendly and economically viable renewable energy source. For this purpose thin film materials are being investigated by various research organizations and groups. In this work we have developed ZnxCd1-xS thin film as window layer, CdTe as absorber and ZnTe thin film to solve the back contact problem of CdTe (due to high work function) and studied their optical, electrical and structural properties. The polycrystalline layers of ZnxCd1-xS, ZnTe and CdTe solar cell in both “Superstrate” and “Substrate” configurations were developed. I-V characterization for single crystal CdTe based solar cells at different illumination levels and temperatures were carried out, which showed 14.37% efficiency. We have applied 1-D modeling to these cells to improve the efficiency at lower illumination levels. All thin film ZnxCd1-xS/CdTe solar cell showed low efficiency (1.7%) which was improved up to 3.7% by annealing the cell at 200oC for three hours.