الاقتتال بین المسلمین: اسبابہ و حکمہ و مفاسدہ

Right from inception, man faces temptations from Satan and therefore finds an evil -edge (a sinning tendency in mankind) . Islam with its vitalizing energy curbs this evil influence successfully. Hereby a review of the killing/murder of Muslims is given with necessary background. The layout ofthis article is asfollow: 1. The literal and idiomatical definition of Murder in view of the sayings of Religious scholars. 2. Five kinds of murder in light of statements of religious scholars. 3 Religious Order for the murder under the commandments of Quran and Sunnah. 4. Faraai and Zaili orders regarding to murder. 5. Sources and reasons of murder. 6. Losses of murder. IAJ'IJT

Evaluation of Trace and Toxic Elements in Smokeless Tobacco Products and Their Artificial Saliva Extracts Using Advance Extraction Methodologies: Related Health Risk

The present study is based on three central aspects (i) Evaluation of total toxic elements (TEs) i.e. arsenic (As), copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb) and nickel (Ni) in smokeless tobacco (SLT) products (mainpuri, mawa, gutkha, dry and moist snuff), available and consumed in Pakistan, (ii) Method development for the assessment of As, Cd, Pb, Ni and Cu in artificial saliva extract (ASE) of different types of SLT products, (iii) To assess the contents of studied TEs in biological samples of oral, pharyngeal cancer patient and adolescent boys who have consumed SLT (mawa, mainpuri, gutkha, moist and dry snuff) products. ❖ To determine the trace levels of As, Pb, Cd, and Ni concentration in ASE of SLT products, simple and rapid pre-concentration methods were developed such as cloud point extraction, dual-cloud point extraction, temperature-controlled ionic liquid-based ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction, non-dispersive ionic liquid based microextraction, followed by flame (FAAS) and electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS). Total inorganic arsenic (iAs) and As3+ in ASE of SLT were determined by solid phase and cloud point extraction methods, respectively. ❖ The artificial saliva can extract studied TEs (As, Cd, Cu, Ni and Pb), which is immediately available, absorbed and affecting the lining of mouth. The artificial saliva extracted As, Cd, Cu, Ni and Pb corresponds to 15 - 24, 39 - 75, 30 - 50, 21 - 58, and 18 - 32%, respectively, of total contents of each TEs in different SLT (mawa, mainpuri, gutkha, dry and moist snuff) products. ❖ To determine the studied TEs concentrations in biological samples (scalp hair, blood), advance extraction methodologies were developed. The innovative vortex-assisted liquid– liquid microextraction and ionic liquid based microextraction in a single syringe system have been developed, prior to analysis by FAAS. The main factors which affect the recoveries of trace elements were studied. The detection limit and enhancement factor were also calculated at optimized values of significant factors. ❖ The reliability of methodologies was assured by analyzing virginia tobacco leaves (ICHTJcta-VTL-2), BCR 397 of human hair, Clincheck control-lyophilized® human serum SeroM10181 and whole blood Recipe (certified reference materials). ❖ The contents of As, Cd, Pb and Ni in scalp hair and blood samples were measured in three different adolescent (boys) subgroups consuming different SLT products alone or in conjunction with each other. The results revealed that adolescents who have used SLT have 2-3 folds higher contents of As, Cd, Pb and Ni in their biological samples than referent boys (p<0.001). ❖ The relationship between As, Cd, Ni and Pb exposure in oral cancer patients via consumption of SLT products with related to referents were investigated. The Cd, As, Pb and Ni in SLT products and biological samples (blood and scalp hair) of cancerous and healthy subjects were evaluated. The referents and oral cancer patients have similar age group (ranges from 30 to 60 years), localities and socio-economic status. The results showed that the Ni, As, Pb and Cd concentrations were higher in the blood and scalp hair samples of oral cancer patients related to the results obtained from referents (p<0.001). ❖ The Cu level in serum samples of oral (n=65) and pharyngeal (n=53) cancer patients (male), age ranged (30-60 years) has been assessed. For comparative study, the serum samples of referents (n=150), used/not consumed chewing SLT were also investigated for Cu level. The Cu contents in SLT and serum samples were evaluated by ETAAS. The levels of Cu in samples (serum) of oropharyngeal cancer patients were 1.5-2 and 3.0-4.0 folds higher than those referents consumed different SLT product and who had none of this habit, respectively.