Conflicting Images of Muslims in Post-9 11 American Literature

Since the advent of Islam, Muslims have never ceased to be important for the West and have been variously depicted in English literature from time to time. However, after the tragic incidents of 11th September, 2001, there has been a dramatic change in the world's focus on them, both in nature and in magnitude. Both as Ummah—the formal Arabic word for the global community of Muslims —and as individuals, they have suddenly found themselves among the protagonists of English literature in general, and that produced in the North American Continent in particular. This paper aims at discussing the different images of Muslims and Islam in the English literature of North America, focusing on their nature, types, causes, consequences and the way they differ from the depiction of Muslims and Islam before the drastic disaster of nine-eleven. It also intends to contrast the literature authored by Muslim Americans about themselves with that written by non-Muslim Americans about them during the period in focus.

Exploring the Level of Machiavellian Style Among Bank Managers and its Impact on Job Satisfaction of the Employees

Current research investigates the level of Machiavellianism in banking sector and its impact on the job satisfaction of employees working there. Five specific job satisfaction factors are selected to see the job satisfactions which are pay, promotion, supervision, co-workers and nature of work. For data collection purpose, two questionnaires were used of different authors. Sample of 240 bank employees was taken for this study using convenience sampling technique of non-probability sampling. Frequency tables, means and standard deviations used in order to present descriptive data. Correlation is used to find the relationship between two variables and linear regression used for hypothesis testing. The results shows that high level of Machiavellian style exists in the bank managers working at Chakwal and value of R (-.460) shows a strong negative relationship between Machiavellianism and Job Satisfaction. And there is significant impact of Machiavellian style of manager on job satisfaction of the employees.