مسٹر آرتہر ہیورڈ
لندن کے امپرئیل کالج آف سائنس میں مسٹر آرتہر ہیورڈ سائنس سے متعلق ایک تجربہ کرتے کرتے وفات پاگئے، وہ کچھ عرصہ سے فن تصویر کشی (فوٹوگرافی) سے متعلق تجربات میں مشغول تھے، اور آخری تجربہ ایک تاریک کمرہ کے اندر کررہے تھے، کمرہ میں روشنی کا کسی۔۔۔۔ ان سے گذر نہ تھا، اور اس کی چھت اور دیواریں سیاہ رنگ سے رنگی ہوئی تھیں، کمرہ اندر سے بند تھا، کہ وفعتہ زور سے ایک تڑاقا ہوا، مسٹر موصوف کے استاد پروفیسر بون باہر تھے، وہ یہ آواز سن کر دوڑے کمرہ کے اندر انھوں نے جھانکا تو معلوم ہوا بجلی کی روشنی ہورہی ہے، ایک ہتھوڑا لے کر انہوں نے دروازہ توڑا اور اندر گئے تو دیکھا کہ مسٹر ہیورڈ خون میں شرابور پڑے ہوئے ہیں اور دیکھتے ہی دیکھتے ختم ہوگئے، پروفیسر بون کی رائے میں جس آلہ سے وہ تجربہ کررہے تھے، اتفاقاً پھٹ گیا اور اس کے اندر جو زہریلی گیس تھی، اس کے صدمہ سے ان کی گردن سخت مجروح ہوئی اور یہی باعث ہلاکت ہوا۔ (فروری ۱۹۲۱ء)
This study was conducted at BPR PD Rokan Hulu, utilizing a qualitative descriptive analysis based on interviews. The primary objective was to investigate the disciplinary practices and the application of punishment among employees within the institution. The findings reveal that to enhance disciplinary diversity, BPR PD Rokan Hulu has established robust regulations and enforced sanctions effectively. This initiative demonstrates BPR PD Rokan Hulu's commitment to promoting diversity through structured training programs and the implementation of punitive measures. Despite these efforts, the study identified that there are still instances of indiscipline among some employees. Specific violations observed include habitual tardiness, absenteeism without prior approval from supervisors, and unexplained departures during official work hours. These actions not only contravene the company's established regulations but also undermine the overall disciplinary framework intended to foster a productive and efficient work environment. The research highlights the significance of continuous monitoring and reinforcement of disciplinary measures to ensure adherence to organizational norms and standards. Furthermore, it suggests that while the implementation of rules and sanctions is vital, BPR PD Rokan Hulu could benefit from exploring additional strategies to address the root causes of indiscipline. This could include more personalized training sessions, enhanced communication channels between employees and management, and the development of a more inclusive company culture that encourages respect for regulations. In conclusion, while BPR PD Rokan Hulu has made commendable strides in enforcing discipline and applying necessary sanctions, there is room for improvement. Addressing the lingering issues of employee indiscipline requires a multifaceted approach that not only penalizes non-compliance but also actively fosters an organizational culture that values punctuality, responsibility, and adherence to established guidelines.This study was conducted at BPR PD Rokan Hulu, utilizing a qualitative descriptive analysis based on interviews. The primary objective was to investigate the disciplinary practices and the application of punishment among employees within the institution. The findings reveal that to enhance disciplinary diversity, BPR PD Rokan Hulu has established robust regulations and enforced sanctions effectively. This initiative demonstrates BPR PD Rokan Hulu's commitment to promoting diversity through structured training programs and the implementation of punitive measures. Despite these efforts, the study identified that there are still instances of indiscipline among some employees. Specific violations observed include habitual tardiness, absenteeism without prior approval from supervisors, and unexplained departures during official work hours. These actions not only contravene the company's established regulations but also undermine the overall disciplinary framework intended to foster a productive and efficient work environment. The research highlights the significance of continuous monitoring and reinforcement of disciplinary measures to ensure adherence to organizational norms and standards. Furthermore, it suggests that while the implementation of rules and sanctions is vital, BPR PD Rokan Hulu could benefit from exploring additional strategies to address the root causes of indiscipline. This could include more personalized training sessions, enhanced communication channels between employees and management, and the development of a more inclusive company culture that encourages respect for regulations. In conclusion, while BPR PD Rokan Hulu has made commendable strides in enforcing discipline and applying necessary sanctions, there is room for improvement. Addressing the lingering issues of employee indiscipline requires a multifaceted approach that not only penalizes non-compliance but also actively fosters an organizational culture that values punctuality, responsibility, and adherence to established guidelines.
Herbal medicines are recognized as multi-component remedies for the treatment of complicated diseases because of their better therapeutic value and fewer side effects compared to modern medicine. The work presented in this thesis consists of “Evaluation of natural gums as potential precursors for synthesis of gold and silver nanoparticles: their characterization and applications” which includes the synthesis, optimization, characterization, applications and bioactivity evaluation of gold and silver nanoparticles stabilized with different gums. Four different gums of plants origin and one gum of microbial origin were selected for the synthesis of gold and silver nanoparticles. Gums of plants origin were collected from three different plant families i.e. family Fabaceae (genus: Acacia), family Rosaceae (genus: Prunus), family Bixaceae (genus: Cochlospermum), while the microbial “Xanthan gum” was obtained from Xanthomonas campestris. In this study gold and silver nanoparticles (Au- and Ag-NPs) were biosynthesized by using the aqueous extracts of different gums. Synthesized nanoparticles were characterized with different spectroscopic and microscopic techniques such as UV–Vis spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and atomic absorption (AA). The effects of gum, metal ions concentration, reaction temperature and time on the synthetic stability of nanoparticles was studied along with their post synthetic stability against varying pH and salt concentrations, long term storage and extreme of temperature. Formation of Au- and Ag-NPs was confirmed from the surface Plasmon resonance in the range of 500-560 and 400-450 nm respectively and was further corroborated from the results of FTIR, EDX, XRD and Atomic absorption. SEM analysis showed that Au- and Ag-NPs stabilized with different gums were mostly spherical and in the size range of 5–50 nm. FTIR analysis revealed that the abundance of hydroxyl, carboxylate, amide and acetyl groups of the gum biopolymers are involved in the reduction and stabilization of metal cations. The EDX analysis confirmed the presence of Au and Ag in the respective gum stabilized nanoparticles. No peaks were observed in the XRD spectrum of pure gums, thus indicating their non crystalline nature; while the XRD pattern of gum stabilized Au- and Ag-NPs have characteristic peaks, and so are crystalline in nature. Atomic absorption analysis showed almost complete reduction of the metal ions into the respective nanoparticles. The TGA spectrum further confirmed their thermal stability, where three successive weight losses were observed in the temperature range of 50–800 oC. It was observed that reaction temperature of 80oC and reaction time of 4 h was most suitable for the efficient synthesis of Au- and Ag-NPs. The results of post-synthetic stability revealed that Au- and Ag-NPs were stable in different concentrations of NaCl (1–3 M), neutral to acidic pH (7–2) and without any long term storage (eight months) or thermal (100 oC) induced degradable changes. Gold and silver nanoparticles stabilized with different gums were evaluated for their prospective anticancer, antibacterial, urease inhibition, anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. Gold and silver nanoparticles possessed mild to moderate antibacterial activity and can observed from their zone of inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Gold nanoparticles significantly alleviated the acetic acid induced writhes at much lower doses of 40 mg/kg (P <0.01) and 80 mg/kg (P < 0.001) compared to that of gum extract at 200 and 400 mg/kg (P <0.001). At similar doses, Au-NPs also significantly inhibited the carrageenan induced paw edema during the 1st h (P < 0.05) and 2–5 h (P <0.001) of the study duration. Different gums stabilized Au- and Ag-NPs were tested to evaluate their cytotoxic potential against human cervical cancer cells (HeLa). Potential anticancer effect was showed by the respective gold and silver nanoparticles. Biosynthesized Au- and Ag-NPs were also able to inhibit urease with better affinity.