Strategies for Improving Memory in Students

Students generally have little to no understanding of the memory processes, resulting in an inability to study effectively. To perform better, it is imperative to take control of memory by understanding how memory works, how information can be committed to memory, and how forgetting can be avoided. Some insight into the cognitive load theory can also be applied to improve learning.

Epidynamics and Molecular Characterization of Peste Des Petits Ruminants Virus

Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) is a highly fatal and economically devastating disease of sheep and goats. Present study was designed to have an insight into the molecular epidemiology of PPR in the country and to investigate the persistence and transmission of PPR virus using molecular tools under field conditions. A total of eighty-four PPR outbreaks were investigated during the course of this study (2010 to 2013). The highest number of outbreaks was reported from Punjab province followed by Sindh and KPK (Khyber Pakhtunkha). Overall, disease affected all three age groups of sheep and goats but the younger animals were more severely affected with a morbidity rate of 37.19%. The mortality and case fatality rates were also higher in young which were 46.86% and 17.39%, respectively. The results of the phylogenetic trees indicated that all Pakistani PPRV strains, regardless of the gene used either F or N, were clustered in lineage IV which is the most prominent and prevalent lineage of Asia. A total of 19575 serum samples from sheep and goats from all the provinces/ regions of the country) were included in this study to determine the sero-epidemiology of PPRV in Pakistan. Province-wise laboratory results are summarized in table 4.10. In total, it gave a 27.53 percent of the samples were positive for PPR antibodies. To understand the persistence and transmission dynamics of PPRV, one field outbreak was extensively investigated. PPR viral antigen was detected in fecal matter for one month following vaccination. In contrast the unvaccinated animals shed virus antigen in fecal material for up to two months following outbreak resolution. In conclusion, study is indicative of PPR endemic state in the country and the role of disease persistence, production systems of small ruminants as well as animal movements are key factors in the disease transmission and its endemicity.