ہوٹل میں ایک شام
جونہی نرم ہوا ہوٹل کے پردوں سے ٹکرائی
ایک لذت بھری صدا نے میرے کانوں کی لوئوں کو چوما
’’دال، بھنڈی، ٹنڈے، آلو قیمہ، چکن کڑاہی‘‘
’’جی صاحب۔۔۔۔!‘‘
’’کیا کھائیں گے آپ‘‘
میں نے دال کا کہا اور باہر دیکھنے لگا
تندور پہ ہنگامہ آرائی کا منظر
جیسے کسی محاذ پر شورِ قیامت
نان بائی لبوں پہ مسکراہٹ سجائے
Kashmir became a part of the Muslim World in the 14th century C E. Under the local Sultans (1325-1585) , the Mughals (1586-1752) and the Pathans (1752-1819) , it developed into a state and society with its own peculiar Islamic culture. Kashmir was colonised by the Sikhs (1819-46) from the Punjab and the Hindu Dogra Maharajas (1846-1947) . The Muslim Kashmir stood for Islam through the freedom movement during this period. When the movement under the banner of Islam was at its apex and it seemed that the mahkutn (colonised / enslaved) Kashmir was about to achieve the goal, India ( Bharat) , a newly born nation (Aug 15, 1947) , invaded it on Oct. 27, almost 3 months after her own birth. Since then this newly emerging occupying -power through its policies of political deceit, cultural aggression, economic onslaught and delslamizing educational schemes has given rise to the problem of the IOK (Indian Occupied Kashmir) . The paper narrates the story of the past up to 1988-uprising & throws light on the oppression, persecution and discrimination that the Muslim Kashmir has been witnessing. The form offreedom-movement that followed from 1947 to 1989 is also outlined. In 1989 Jihad Kashmir, a new phase of the movement that invited the attention of the world begins. The paper helps to understand the background ofthe genesis ofthis new phase
Nanoparticles have been known for their unique properties and are being utilized in various disciplines of sciences. Nanoparticles due to their smaller size enable them to higher exposure and higher availability through gastrointestinal tract when administered orally. In this research four metallic oxides nanoparticles (iron, zinc, silver and copper) along with three biological nanoparticles (turmeric, garlic and cinnamon) were synthesized. Various characterization techniques were utilized to evaluate these synthesized nanoparticles. Among the synthesized metallic nanoparticles the mean diameter of zinc oxide nanoparticles was around 47 nm, the mean diameter of iron oxide nanoparticles was around 54 nm, the diameter of silver oxide nanoparticles ranged between 40-70 nm and the diameter of copper nanoparticles ranged between 30-50 nm. Moreover, mean diameter of synthesized garlic and turmeric nanoparticles were 62 and 46 nm respectively. However, cinnamon particles turned out to be in micro ranges. To evaluate potential of these synthesized nanoparticle in Gout treatment mice were used as model organism. For this experiment mice were induced with gout by injecting them with MSU crystals. These synthesized nanoparticles were administered orally to mice in various concentrations of 5 ppm, 10 ppm and 20 ppm. Biochemical tests such as RFTs, LFTs, lipid profile and blood count were performed to evaluate the effect of these nanoparticles at various concentration on gout. From renal function tests it was observed that these nanoparticles had decreased the uric acid levels in mice thus treating gout. From these biochemical test it was observed that nanoparticles were effective in reducing serum uric acid levels among which 5 ppm AgO NPs (1.80 ± 0.3098), 5 ppm zinc (2.00 ±0.8944), 5 ppm turmeric NPs (1.550 ± 0.1517) and 20 ppm garlic NPs (1.750 ± 0.1378) showed the most significant (P<0.01) results in reducing serum uric acid in comparison to allopurinol (2.11 ± 0.3710). Furthermore, at lower concentrations nanoparticles did not cause any significant toxicity. From this research it was concluded that the synthesized zinc, turmeric, garlic and cinnamon nanoparticles have potential in treating gout. Renal function test of these groups revealed that the uric acid levels were considerably decreased as well as the swelling of ankles also decreased. Moreover, the mice which were locally administered with 5 ppm of Turmeric-oil NPs had astonishing effect in decreasing the swelling of mice ankles. Repeated oral administration of various nanoparticles at lower concentration can result in the reduction of serum uric acid levels in mice.