النظرية الدينية لفکر الإرهاب الدولي في ضوء السيرة النبوية

It is an undoubted fact that terrorism has nothing to do with Islam. All teachings of the Prophet (blessings and peace be upon him) are contrary to any kind of extremism, radicalization and terrorism. Although the Prophet (blessings and peace be upon him) and his Companions faced injustice, persecution and terrorism directly by the disbelievers of Mecca and were forced to leave their homeland, yet, they always treated very peacefully and never demonstrated any kind of extremism. When the Prophet (blessings and peace be upon him) established the first state of Islam in Medina, it faced many atrocities and conspiracies by its enemies, but Muslims never chose the path of injustice and terrorism even against its worst enemies. Muslims always preferred peace treaties and covenants with everyone, so that people can live peacefully. The life of the Prophet (blessings and peace be upon him) is a practical model of moderation, integration and harmony. In this article, we will shed light on the religious view of international terrorism in the light of the Prophet’s biography. Starting with the detailed definition of terrorism, we will discuss this word from a political perspective also. Then we will move towards the international scenario and would point out that how some countries are committing the phenomenon of terrorism to achieve their goals. In the end, we will give some examples from the Prophet’s biography to address the phenomenon of terrorism, extremism, and to establish the atmosphere of tolerance and harmony. We will also discuss that how Islamic state faced international terrorism by Meccans and some tribes, and how Muslims countered it in a peaceful way. Then we will discuss that terrorism has nothing to do with Islam, nor with the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad (blessings and peace be upon him). Those who use the name of Islam to spread extremism and terrorism, have nothing to do with Islam. Islam does not allow anyone to commit any kind of terrorism. Some Qur’anic rulings will also be presented to highlight the promotion of virtue and the prevention of vice, and the political and democratic struggle against injustice and oppression

Microbial Degradation of Polyester Based Biodegradable Plastics

The present study was aimed to isolate and characterize microorganisms capable of degrading polyester-based biodegradable plastics under natural soil conditions. Two fungi, designated as strain SS2 and S45, were isolated from soil that could degrade various polyesters of natural as well as synthetic origin, both in emulsion as well as film form. Strain SS2 and S45 were identified through 18S rRNA gene sequencing and found closely similar to Penicillium sp. and Aspergillus sp., having 100 and 99% similarity with Penicillium oxalicum and Aspergillus fumigatus, respectively. P. oxalicum SS2 could efficiently degrade polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) and polyhydroxybutyrate-co-valerate (PHBV) emulsion as well as films in liquid medium within 36-48 hrs. The fungus showed maximum growth and degradation at 30°C that represented its mesophilic nature. Furthermore, the role of P. oxalicum SS2 in degradation of polyester films in soil environment was evaluated by soil burial experiment in lab-built microcosms where the fungus degraded PHB and PHBV films in 7 days. Aspergillus fumigatus strain S45 showed degradation potential against poly(caprolactone) (PCL) and polyurethane (PU). Bio-augmentation of the fungus in soil accelerated biodegradation of PCL film. While measurement of weight loss and evolution of CO2 showed breakdown of PU film upon inoculation with S45. The biodegradation of polyesters was further confirmed through various qualitative assays such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Aspergillus fumigatus strain S45 was found to show esterase activity during biodegradation of PU. This study demonstrated soil as a reservoir for polyester-degrading microorganisms which could be utilized for the development of novel waste management strategies.