دھب میںڈھابہ ہوٹل
شرم الشیخ سے پچاس میل کی مسافت پر دھب نامی قصبہ پر ہمار ی گاڑی چائے کے ایک ریستوران پر رکی ۔یہاں پاکستانی ٹرک ڈرائیور ہوٹل جیسا ماحول تھا ۔گاڑی میں موجود مصری خواتین نے اپنے بڑے بڑے پرس کھولے تو مجھے حیرت ہوئی کہ ان پرسوں میں توشۂ خوراک یعنی پنیر ،ڈبل روٹی ،بسکٹ ،سیب ،مالٹے ،کھجور اور پانی کی بوتل تک سارا انتظام مکمل تھا ۔مجھے اس انتظام و انصرام سے زیادہ خواتین کی فیاضی نے بہت متاثر کیا ۔ سب نے ایک دوسرے کے ساتھ اپنے توشے شریک کیے ،باوجود اس کے کہ سب کے پاس یہی چیزیں خود بھی موجود تھیں ۔سوڈان کے دکتوریحیٰ اور میرے پاس ان اشیا ء میں سے کوئی چیز نہ تھی ۔اس لیے سب نے ہمیں نوازنا شروع کر دیا اور آخر میں ہم دونوں کے پاس خوراک کا ذخیرہ ان سے بھی زیادہ ہو گیا ۔میں نے دکتورہ بسنت کو کہا کہ پاکستانی خواتین کے پرس اس سے بھی بڑے ہوتے ہیں مگر وہ پائوڈر ،کریم سے لیس ہوتے ہیں ۔ اس نے ہنس کر کہا وہ چیزیں ہمارے پاس بھی ہوتی ہیں مگر الگ پرس میں ۔ہوٹل میں مختلف قسم کے بسکٹ کے ساتھ نفیس پیکنگ میں ایک چیز بند تھی ،میں نے اس کے بارے میں دکتورہ شائمہ سے پوچھا کہ یہ کیا ہے ؟انھوں نے کہا ’’خشک روٹی ‘‘میں پوچھا یہ بھی یہاں فروخت ہوتی ہے ۔اس نے بڑے اعتماد سے کہا کہ ہاں بالکل اور لوگ یہاں اس کو بڑے شوق سے کھاتے ہیں۔ ہوٹل کے عقب میں بیری کے دو تین درخت تھے جن پر پھل پک چکے تھے ،میں نے توڑ کر کھائے تو محسوس ہوا کہ تپتے صحرا نے ان کو پکانے اوررات کی چاندنی نے ان کو میٹھا بنانے میں کوئی کسر نہیں...
Bernard Lewis is a representative scholar of eastern studies and western thoughts, and he is the most influential political figure in the U.S politics. So his thoughts play an important and vital role in academic and political fields of the West. Most of his writings explore his prejudiced attitude toward Islam and Muslims. He wrote many books about the teachings of Islam. Islam being a universal religion is an interesting topic for western intelligentsia like Lewis. There are many institutes of Islamic studies in their universities and many think tanks are working on various aspects of Islamic teaching for multiple purposes. In some educational institutions of the west revisionist orientalists such as Andrew Rippin are teaching Islamic thoughts from a critical and revisionist perspective which is quite contrary to the traditional Islamic teachings. Bernard Lewis is attached with The RAND cooperation (the most influential think tank of U.S.A) and most of his writings are evident of his prejudiced theories about political and social practices of Muslims.
Biofuel production is widely deliberated to be one of the most sustainable alternatives to the non-renewable petroleum fuels and used as feasible means for environmental and economic sustainability. Biological capture of carbon dioxide by photosynthetic unicellular microalgae is an attractive technology because it is scalable and efficient mean to yield renewable energy source i.e. biodiesel. Microalgae, a third generation feedstock for biofuel, can be grown on non-arable land in fresh, brackish or saline water and with higher areal productivities than any other land-based crops. In particular high productivities are achieved during cultivation when coupled with an additional carbon dioxide supply; for every kilo grams of dry biomass approx. 1.83 kg of CO2 is required. In this study five industrial cities of Punjab were selected to identify microalgae strains from industrial areas which provide opportunities to achieve significant reductions in carbon dioxide emissions. Microalgae have been considered for biological carbon capture and sequestration to offset carbon emissions from fossil fuel combustion. Series of factors for carbon sequestration like tolerance of CO2 source (i.e. flue gas), cultivation conditions, inhibiting compounds that come with the CO2 source (e.g. SOx & NOx) and physiochemical parameters such as pH, nutrients, temperature and light, had been studied in this research. The adapting ability of mixed consortia of microalgae was used to tolerate growth in 100% flue gas from an unfiltered coal-fired power plant that contained 11% CO2. Challenges existed in particular around the high SOx and NOx emissions that caused a rapid decline in pH when added to cultures. This required slow adaptation of microalgae over many months, with step-wise increases from 10% to 100% flue gas supplementation, and the maintenance of high phosphate fertilizer levels in the form of 50mM phosphate buffer for flue gas at and above 50%. Concurrently, this led to a selection of microalgae that seem to be particularly well adapted to low pH and high level flue gas supplementation. For two different microalgal consortia, 18S rRNA community profiling and microscopic analyses revealed that, after a rapid decline in biodiversity over the first few months, in particular Desmodesmus sp. was the dominant genus (-79-90%). This novel study demonstrates that upto 100% unfiltered flue gas from coal-fired power generation can be used for algae cultivation. While it is clear that large areas are needed to xviii offset flue gas emission through microalgae, direct comparisons to other carbon sequestration technologies should be made once upscaling, cost reductions and process optimizations are in place. With the implementation of serial passages of over a range of open or closed PBRs this process may contribute towards the development of microalgal-mediated carbon capture and sequestration processes.