اسلامی مملکت کے بین الاقوامی تعلقات عصرحاضر کے تناظر میں

Islam where considers the superiority of law, provision of justice and equity, building and purification of civilization and emphasis on the welfare of society, there ensures the first priority to humanity, peace and prosperity in the external relations. Islamic state keeps relations on the basis of equality with the world and non-Muslim citizens living within the state. On this belief and ideology Islam invites the world to set together. Islam on these principles of Islamic ideology and belief sets the foundation of collectiveness. On this principle the whole philosophy of life and living system are embraced, and the same Islamic law is the foundation of nations, on this behalf the Islamic state organized the relation with other states. In this way Islamic state on these principles keep relations with other states and within the state relations between Muslim and non-Muslim citizens on the basis of brotherhoods, equality, mercy and the principles of dignity of human being. Along with peace Islam set the principles of war which comprise ethical and prison limitations, duties and ethics amongst warrior, difference between the rights of fighters and non-fighters, treatment with pact holders and prisoners, and specified the way of better treatment with the defeated nations. He thought the manners of war to bloody man who consider everything right during the war. Islam lays great stress on equality, social justice, brotherhood and peace not only in state but across the boarders too. In this article a deep study is done to explain the relations of an Islamic state with other states. Islamic foreign policy emphasizes on the principles of equality among all the human beings and all the races and nations. Islam builds international relation on humanitarian basis.

Effects of Sand-Shale Anisotropy on Ava Based Reservioir Characterization

Conventionally, AVO/AVA method is widely being used for reservoir characterization process on the assumption of isotropic (earth) medium. Seismic anisotropy is considered to produce first order effect upon the amplitudes of seismic wave, but this effect is often ignored during AVA studies for ease of processing, which may give unrealistic reservoir characterization results. The principal objective in this research work is to estimate the seismic anisotropy of a composite sand shale reservoir and incorporate it into AVA studies for accurate and improved reservoir charterization. A further aim of this work is to give complete workflow for the charaterziation of such reservoirs and its application to the real data from a gas prone field in Pakistan. The main elements of AVA based reservoir characterization of composite sand shale anisotropic medium include forward (rock physics and seismic modelling) and inverse modelling (recovering the spatial distribution of crucial reservoir properties). An anistropic composite sand shale medium can be characterized by five independent elastic constants either in the form of stiffness constants or two vertical velocities and three anisotropy coefficients. These five elastic constants for dry porous media has been estimated using anistropic effective medium theory in the contaxt of rock physics modelling. The input to rock physics modelling is obtained via petrophysical analysis of available wireline log data. The effective elastic constants obtained from rock physics modelling for composite sand shale medium is used for seismic AVA modelling of composite sand shale anisotropic medium in the form of angle-dependent refelection coefficients and/or seismic AVA data by using approximate and exact PP- reflection coefficients solution. During seismic inversion phase of reservoir characterization process, Bayesian inversion approach has been adapted to recover/invert the important reservoir parameters (porosity, volume of shale and water saturation) from AVA data and to carry out uncertainty analysis associated with these estimates. Our AVA modelling and analysis results on Sawan area under isotropic conditions show that seismic AVA modelling provides a strong relationship between porosity and reflection amplitude for all offset (or incident angle) ranges. From fluid saturation variation modelling it is evident that changes in water saturation do not change the AVA effect significantly which is further substantiated by investigation of CDP gathers. The seismic AVA modelling for different porosity/saturation values suggest that AVA analysis is prone to find porous sands rather than gas saturated sands. The same is shown by AVA crossplot between intercept and gradient which point out high porosity zones rather than high gas saturations. The results from our complete workflow applied on composite sand shale medium (in which shale is present in the form of lenses creating anisotropy) suggest that one can recover Vshale even at higher amount of uncertainty in AVA data, as the peak for marginal distribution lies mostly around the true value. For small amount of uncertainty in AVA data, our workflow gives reliable estimates for Sw, but as the noise increases in AVA data, it becomes difficult to recover Sw. The results from application of our workflow on C-sand reservoir of Sawan area (shale is present in the form of layers creating anisotropy) show that anisotropy effects are more pronounced in stratigraphic intervals where interbedded shales are relatively thick within reservoir sand (Sawan-06 well).The exact solution for VTI media provided by Daley and Horn’s (1977) is one with the highest potential for performing AVA inversion in sand shale composite medium with weak to strong anisotropy. We have demonstrated this fact by completing a numerical synthetic experiment for recovering porosity distributions through the Lower Goru C-sand reservoir.