مولانا محمد ہاشم میاں فرنگی محلی
مولانا محمد ہاشم میاں فرنگی محلی کی وفات ایک بڑا سانحہ ہے، وہ ۱۹۱۷ء میں پیدا ہوئے اور اکہتر (۷۱) برس کی عمر میں۴ فروری کو اﷲ کو پیارے ہوگئے، فرنگی محل لکھنو کے ممتاز علمی و دینی خانوادے سے ان کا تعلق تھا، اور وہ مولانا صبغتہ اﷲ فرنگی محل کے فرزند اکبر تھے، جو عربی ادب میں مہارت اور اپنی لطافت آمیز تحریر و تقریر کے لیے مشہور تھے، یہ خصوصیت مولانا ہاشم میاں کو بھی ان سے وراثتاً ملی تھی، وہ بھی اچھے و اعظ و خطیب تھے، اور ان کی تقریریں لطافت و ظرافت اور ان کے مخصوص انداز کی وجہ سے بہت دلنشیں ہوتیں، اور پسند کی باتیں، بڑے خوش پوش، جامہ زیب لکھنؤ کی قدیم روایت و تہذیب اور اپنی خاندانی وضعداری اور شرافت کا نمونہ تھے، وہ بہت باغ و بہار شخص تھے، ان کی بذلہ سنجی، خوش طبعی اور خوش گفتاری مشہور تھی۔
مولانا محمد ہاشم لکھنؤ کے مختلف مذہبی، علمی اور تعلیمی اداروں سے وابستہ تھے، دینی تعلیم اور اردو کے فروغ کے لیے غیر معمولی جدوجہد کی، شروع ہی سے اترپردیش دینی تعلیمی کونسل کے اہم رکن تھے، مسلم پرسنل لا بورڈ کے بھی ممبر تھے، سماجی اور سیاسی سرگرمیوں میں بھی حصہ لیتے تھے، ایک زمانہ میں ڈاکٹر عبدالجلیل فریدی مرحوم کیے ساتھ مل کر بابوترلوکی سنگھ کی پرجاسوشلسٹ پارٹی کو بڑی مدد پہنچائی، مگر جلد ہی اس میدان سے کنارہ کش ہوگئے، وہ اپنی نیکی، شرافت، تواضع خوش خلقی اور وسعت قلبی کی وجہ سے نہ صرف مسلمانوں کے ہر طبقہ و جماعت بلکہ غیر مسلموں میں بھی مقبول تھے اﷲ تعالیٰ ان کے درجات بلند کرے۔ (ضیاء الدین اصلاحی، فروری ۱۹۸۸ء)
This article focuses onthose special attributes of Islām, which distinguishes it from other religions with respect to peacekeeping, i. E., the rules and ethics, which inculcate peace and tranquility in the soul and mind of an individual and society. Islām is the pioneer of all the religions that emphasize upkeeping of peaceful relations between their followers and others without any discrimination. The connotations of the word Islām and the implications of its various synonyms, its ethical teachings, rules and laws_ all convey the message of peace. Therefore, a true believer is supposed to be the one, who is endowed with peace. To sustain harmony in the society, Islām prohibits mischief, tribulations, aggression and violation of human rights, such as freedom of religion and life. Likewise, Islām prohibits undue offences against any religion, defiling religious beliefs and the holy books, derogatory remarks against any sacred and reverend personage, and extortion, theft, robbery, usury, etc. The second discourse of this article deals with the Islamic salutations. The objectives of Sharī‘ah, in this regard, are to promote good will, alleviate alienation of addressees, invite non-believers to Islām and augment peaceful relations and coexistence with others. The last section of this discourse deals with the injunctions, related to the rules and ethics of warfare as instructed by Islām.
Thin films composites of Poly (ethylene oxide) - Graphene Oxide were fabricated with and without Lithium salts by solvent cast method. With different contents of salt polymer -GO complexes, the ionic conductivity of these composites was examined at various temperatures. The Arrhenius conductance plots were utilized to determine the impacts of temperature and Graphene Oxide concentration. It is revealed that the conductance of the system considerably enhances with the incorporation of salts in pure PEO. The conductance has enhanced approximately 1000 times due to the addition of Graphene oxide in comparison with that of pure PEO. On measuring the activation energies for all the three systems it was seen that the system with pure PEO showed greater activation energy while it exhibit considerable decline due to the incorporation of LiClO4 and LiCl salts in the system and more decrease on adding Graphene Oxide. The addition of GO in PEO decreases crystallinity and the amorphous region increases local mobility of polymer chain which in turn results in decreased activation energy. XRD study reveals that amorphicity in the composite increasing with increasing GO contents. SEM analysis demonstrate even distribution of GO in polymer matrix. The mechanical investigations demonstrate that the Young modulus and tensile strength remarkably increase with increasing GO contents. The rheological analysis reveals decrease in apparent viscosity and complex viscosity while increase in shear thinning and Storage modulus. The thermal stability studies reveal that mixing of GO has improved a little bit the thermal stability of the films. The dispersion behavior of Graphene oxide (GO) prepared by modified Hummer’s method was also studied in ten different solvents namely Water, Tetrahydrofuran(THF), Dimethyl Formamide(DMF), Ethylene Glycol, xxviii Acetone, Pyridine, 2-Propanol, Methanol, Ethanol, and Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO). The effect of sonication and addition of surfactant (Sodium Cholate) on dispersion behavior was also investigated. Homogeneous dispersions were found in all freshly prepared GO solutions but they were short lived. The dispersions were then left as such for three weeks and after three weeks they were observed again. It was found that stable dispersions were left only in some solvents like Water, THF, DMF, Ethylene Glycol and Pyridine. Finally in a separate set of experiment we treated the GO solutions in all these solvents with surfactant (Sodium Cholate) and sonication (400 Hrs) to see the dispersion behavior. It was observed that stable dispersion remained only in few solvents like Water, DMF, Ethylene Glycol and Pyridine. These were most stable and showed no sedimentation or settling down of GO even after three weeks. These solvents are easily available and can be effectively used for dispersion formation and further processing of graphene.