Persecution of Press in Sindh: Case Study of Al-Waheed and Watan Newspapers during Political Movements, 1920-22

The purpose of this research was to study the persecution of press in Sindh during the currency of Pan-Indian political movements known as Khilafat and Non-Cooperation Movements, during 1920-22. In this regard the case study of two popular newspapers, Al-Waheed and Watan, were conducted to understand the mechanism of monitoring and controlling the newspapers in Sindh by the colonial rulers. The study explores the political landscape of Sindh in particular and India in general during those turbulent times as well as examines the state of journalism in the province at that time. With the help of the case study of two popular newspapers, the study highlights the mechanism adopted by the colonial government for monitoring and controlling the press in Sindh. In this regard the archival official records as well as translations of the critical articles published in those newspapers were accessed at the India Office Records (IOR) section of British Library, London. The methodology adopted for the current study mainly comprised historical, analytical and content analysis. The study concludes that the press in Sindh faced severe hardships at the hands of the British government through a coercive mechanism with active involvement and concurrence of all the capitals of Sindh’s governance, i.e. Karachi, Bombay, Delhi and London. The study is first of its kind that highlights the role played and sacrifices rendered by press in Sindh for the freedom of press during colonial rule in 192022. ______

Work Related Outcomes of Perceived Authentic Leadership in the Context of Organization Structures

The study undertaken was designed to determine the direct and indirect effects of perceived authentic leadership on creative work behavior through work related flow and psychological capital of employees working in tall (banks) and flat (software houses) organizations. Measures of Authentic Leadership Questionnaire (Avolio, Gardner, & Walumbwa, 2007), Psychological Capital Questionnaire (Luthans, Youssef, & Avolio, 2007), Work Related Flow Scale (Bakker, 2008), Creativity Scale (Zhou & George, 2001), and Social Desirability Scale-17 (Stober, 2001) were used to assess the constructs of the study. The overall research design comprised of three studies. Study I constituted indigenous exploration of the study constructs which was executed in two separate phases. In phase I, a series of four focus group discussions were conducted to capture the indigenous understanding of the major constructs of the study. Phase II of study I was further comprised of three parts. In part I, appropriate instruments were selected on the basis of the themes emerged in focus group discussions. In part II, instruments were tried on an independent sample (N = 25) of employees (software houses and banks) to identify the realistic concerns of the respondents while attempting the instruments. In part III, measures were evaluated by subject experts (N = 6) and feedback received by them was incorporated through committee approach. Study II consisted of empirical estimation of psychometric indices of all the measures and confirmation of measurement models on an independent sample (N = 277) of employees. Results showed that all the measures were reliable instruments for the related constructs of the study. Confirmatory Factor Analysis 17 yielded factor structures of psychological capital, work related flow, creative work behavior, and social desirability in accordance to the theoretical models. However, model of authentic leadership exhibited variations in few items which resulted in modification in the final model of the said construct. Work related outcomes of perceived authentic leadership in the context of organizational structures were determined in study III through hypotheses and model testing on a convenient purposive sample (N =1180) of employees. Results showed that perceived authentic leadership, psychological capital, and work-related flow positively predicted creative work behavior. Work-related flow and psychological capital has shown parallel mediation between perceived authentic leadership and creative work behavior for employees working in software houses and banks. Findings also revealed that organizational structures significantly moderated the relationship of perceived authentic leadership, psychological capital, and work related flow with creative work behavior. Results showed significant group differences in terms of gender, education, job experience, job period in the current organization, and type of organization across both organizational structures. Additional findings indicated moderating role of gender in predicting creative work behavior from perceived authentic leadership and psychological capital among employees of software houses and banks. Moreover, combined effect of gender and organizational structure was also determined on all the study variables. In the end, path models were generated which distinctively highlighted the similarities as well as differences in the interactions of major constructs which function jointly in the context of tall (banks) and flat (software houses) organizations. Theoretical and practical implications of the present study for employees and future recommendations were also discussed.