خودشناسی خدا شناسی ہے
اللہ تعالیٰ نے ہر چیز جو پیدا فرمائی ہے اس کی ایک شناخت ہے، سورج کی ا یک شناخت ہے کہ وہ مشرق سے طلوع ہوتا ہے اور مغرب میں غروب ہوتا ہے۔ ستارے رات کو چمک کر شب دیجور کے لیے ضیاکا سامان بہم پہنچاتے ہیں اور مسافرانِ شب کے لیے خضر راہ بنتے ہیں تو یہ ستاروں کی ایک شناخت ہے، فلک بوس پہاڑ اور جبال شامخہ کا ایک طویل سلسلہ بھی اپنی شناخت رکھتا ہے۔ الغرض دنیا و مافیہا ہر چیز اپنی شناخت رکھتی ہے۔ جس کے باعث اس کا وجود قائم ہے۔
انسان کی بھی ایک شناخت ہے کہ وہ حیوان ناطق ہے اور ذوی العقول ہے، اس کی چال ڈھال، اس کی نشست و برخاست، اس کا قیام وقعود، اس کی گفت وشنید اس کو دیگر مخلوقات سے ممتاز کرتی ہے، اور پھر قرآن پاک اس کو اشرف المخلوقات کا لقب عطا فرما کر انسانیت کی معراج پرمتمکن بنادیتا ہے، اس سے بڑھ کر مسلمان جو اسلام کے زیور سے مرصعّ ہے، جس نے دینِ اسلام کا تاج اپنے سر پر سجایا ہوا ہے، جس نے عشق مصطفی صلی اللہ علیہ و آلہٖ وسلم کی خلعت ِفاخرہ زیب تن کی ہوئی ہے اس کی بھی ایک شناخت ہے، اور وہ یہ کہ ارشادِ رسالت مآب صلی اللہ علیہ و آلہٖ وسلم ہے ’’مسلمان وہ ہے جس کے ہاتھ اور زبان سے دوسرے مسلمان محفوظ رہیں‘‘ یعنی اسلام کے دعویدار تو بے شمار ہیں لیکن دینِ اسلام کے احکام پر عمل پیرا حقیقت میں وہی ہے جو مذکورہ حدیث پاک کے مطابق اپنی شناخت رکھتا ہے۔
کرسی عدالت پر بیٹھ کر فیصلہ سنانے والے منصف کی ایک شناخت ہے۔ شفاخانوں میں موجود مریضوں کے علاج کرنے والا مسیحا کی ایک شناخت ہے، سرحدوں پر مامور محافظ مجاہد کی ایک...
Plagiarism is a serious offense that defies the ethics of scholarship and research. Research students need to pay substantive attention to the dynamics and contours of plagiarism in their creative, ethical, and academic endeavors. Scholarship avenues such as online tutorials and work assignments are important sources of instructions for plagiarism-avoidance among students. The current study explores the frequency of consultation of scholarship avenues and the usage of plagiarism-avoidance techniques among research students in social sciences. The study also recommends a scale to investigate plagiarism-avoidance techniques. Furthermore, it also examines the level of the study in predicting the usage of plagiarism-avoidance. Using the online survey technique, 108 research students from Pakistan were sampled. The questionnaire was uploaded on several student-based research groups of social media, including; Facebook, and Yahoo groups. Bivariate linear regression analysis was used for hypothesis testing. Findings revealed that scholarship avenues lead to greater usage of plagiarism-avoidance techniques among research students (R2 =0.065). Supervisors, class-fellows, colleagues, and faculty of the department are prominent human scholarship avenues. Similarly, articles and books from the web, books from the library, the anti-plagiarism policy of the Higher Education Commission (HEC), and lectures delivered in the classroom were leading informational scholarship avenues. Stage of the study and consultation of the scholarship avenues were predictors of usage of plagiarism-avoidance techniques. It is recommended that (i) plagiarism-avoidance is promoted through prevention rather than detection, and that (ii) scholarship avenues (e.g. Delivering lectures, institutional policy, and interaction with relevant websites) are used for enhancing awareness about intellectual dishonesty.
In the present workpyrimido[5,4-c]quinoline-2,4(1H,3H)-diones (5-24) were synthesized by two step reaction sequence involving Knoevenagel condensation and Doebner Miller reaction. Compounds (5-24) were availed by fusion of Knoevenagel adducts (5benzylidenepyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione and 5-(3-nitrobenzylidene)pyrimidine2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione) (3a-b) with anilines viz.sulfanilamide, 4-amino-N-(thiazol-2yl)benzenesulfonamide, sulfamethazine, sulfaguanidine, sulfamethoxazole, paminobenzoic acid, p-nitroaniline, 3-nitroaniline, 3-hydroxyaniline, p-phenylaniline, 5amino-2-hydroxybenzoic acid, 3-aminoacetophenone, 4-amino-2-hydroxybenzoic acid, 4aminoacetophenone and 4-chloroaniline (4a-o) in an oil bath at 170-265 oCafforded desired compounds in moderate to good yields (55-74%). All the compounds were tediously characterized. The prepared compounds (5-19) were tested for their in vitro antioxidant activity and at all instances they exhibited excellent activity in comparison to control Ascorbic acid. Compounds (20-24) were selectively screened for in vitro antibacterial and antiviral activities as these compounds has active pharmacophores in the structure. The most active compounds were 23, 21 and 22 having MIC 0.5, 1.25 and 1.75 µg respectively against P. vulgaris where ampicillin (MIC 2.25 µg) was employed as positive control. In case K. pneumonia compound 24 was found most active (MIC 0.1 µg) in comparison to control ampicillin (MIC 1.25 µg). In case of antiviral activity of the synthesized compounds (2024), compound (23) has expressed maximum in ovo antiviral potency against all four viruses (AIVH9N2, NDV, IBDV and IBV) with IC50 (0.001 µM). In case of synthesis of oxepines (38, 38´, 43 and 43´), a multi-step strategy (9 steps) is developed starting from 1-indanone anf finally the more polar compound 38 was dyrolysed to compound (40) to avail above mentioned compounds in respectable overall yield (0.39%).