مزاجِ وقت دیکھو وقت کی رفتار تو دیکھو
لکھا ہے کیا سرِ دیوار تم دیوار تو دیکھو
مقدر میں یہی لکھا تھا یہ بھی ٹھیک ہے لیکن
سبب کچھ اور بھی ہو گا تم اپنی ہار تو دیکھو
اے حاکم تجھ پہ لازم ہے نگہ بانی رعایا کی
کہ اس کی مفلسی اور اس کا حالِ زار تو دیکھو
نہیں تیار خلقت کیوں تمھاری بات سننے کو
خدا کے واسطے اس خلق کا انکار تو دیکھو
اگر وہ باوفا ہوتا ، کبھی ایسا نہیں کرتا
صفِ دشمن میں جا بیٹھا ہے میرا یار تو دیکھو
خدا کا شکر کرتا ہے ادا دردِ محبت پر
ہُوا ہے محوِ سجدہ عشق کا بیمار تو دیکھو
تمھارا نام جپتا ہے فقط تائبؔ تمھارا ہے
تم اس کی چاہ تو دیکھو، تم اس کا پیار تو دیکھو
Farmers predominantly belong to lower class of the society, particularly in developing and under developing countries. This actuality really put them on back-foot in every sphere of life, including their various agricultural activities. For instance, they always face problems to fulfil their agricultural requirement, both for crop and non crop activities, and hence, not in position to get utmost benefits from their efforts. Being citizens of a developing country, Pakistani farmers come across the identical situation. As they are Muslims, therefore, avoid securing interest based loan from the financial institutions. Islamic financial system provides an alternate to such interest based arrangement in the shape of various financing techniques. Among these, Istisnā’ (manufacturing) is the most important one which can be used effectively for the fulfilment of various agricultural requirements. However, its role is more dominant in the satisfaction of non crop agricultural activities that is for example, manufacturing of some heavy agricultural machinery and equipments, installation of tube-wells and channels for appropriate irrigation system, construction of small houses for farmers in their lands etc. The present work discusses the theoretical background of this mode, available in the scholarly work of classical and contemporary Muslim jurists’ work, followed by the description that how it can be used for financing various sectors of agriculture. Study reveals the transaction is equally viable for the development of all sectors of agriculture like local farming, fish farming, dairy farming, poultry farming, horticulture etc. The intended results can be achieved when the financial institutions apply the transaction in its true spirit and philosophies envisaged for it by Islamic commercial law, and not mere a source of earning profit.
Introduction: Vitamin D deficiency in infants is a recognized cause of rickets. In the last few years, evidence has emerged of its association with lower respiratory tract infections, food allergy, type 1 diabetes, schizophrenia and various other extra skeletal health effects. Exclusively breastfed infants are especially vulnerable to vitamin D deficiency due to their dependence on previous trans-placental transfer of vitamin D from the mother, dietary vitamin D from breast milk and cutaneous synthesis of vitamin D on exposure to sunlight. The worldwide epidemic of Vitamin D deficiency in pregnancy and the low content of vitamin D in breast milk underlie the high risk of deficiency in exclusively breastfed infants. Data regarding the magnitude of vitamin D deficiency among exclusively breastfed infants in Kenya is needed to inform policies on supplementation of at risk groups. Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in exclusively breastfed infants using 25(OH)D and to evaluate the relationship between PTH and 25(OH)D in a population of exclusively breast fed infants. Study Design: This was a cross sectional survey carried out in three to six month old exclusively breastfed infants at the Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi. Methods: Ninety-eight infants were enrolled in the study and all had data on their demographics and anthropometric measures recorded. Self-reported data on maternal vitamin D supplementation and sunlight exposure was also collected. A brief physical examination to assess for skeletal signs of rickets was then performed. A blood sample was collected for measurement of serum 25(OH)D, calcium, phosphate and PTH . Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was analyzed using proportions with 25(OH)D levels below 20ng/ml. PTH, calcium and phosphate levels in the vitamin D deficient and non-deficient groups were compared using analysis of variance(ANOVA). The level of 25(OH)D beyond which there was no PTH elevation was identified by drawing a scatter plot of PTH against vitamin D levels. Tests of association using odds ratio were used to determine the correlation between infant serum vitamin D levels and maternal vitamin D supplementation and sunlight exposure. Skeletal manifestations of vitamin D deficiency in this population were described using bar charts. Results: Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among exclusively breastfed infants at Aga Khan University Hospital was 23.5% (95% CI 14.9%-32.0%). A further 31.6% were found to have insufficient levels of vitamin D leaving only 44.9% of the population classified as having sufficient levels.