Geopolitical Dynamics: Syria's Diplomatic En-deavors in a Complex Region

 In order to prevent tensions, promote economic cooperation, and obstruct regional integration, the document emphasizes the importance of territorial and economic disputes within the Syria Territory. It highlights how diplomacy plays a key role in reaching agreements and resolving these conflicts. Regarding Syria's position regarding Israel, diplomatic endeavors are essential for resolving more general geopolitical issues. Syria's strategic location makes it a key player in trade routes, and diplomatic initiatives are aimed at ensuring economic benefits and regional stability. Syria's diplomatic landscape is further shaped by Russian support, which offers political backing in international negotiations. The Geneva Conference, Astana, and Sochi processes are important platforms for tackling the complex issues at hand, bringing together regional and international players to identify all-encompassing solutions. Overall, the document elucidates how diplomacy not only addresses territorial and economic concerns within Syria but also navigates the complexities of the broader geopolitical context, such as Syria's role in the Arab-Israeli conflict and its economic aspirations linked to trade routes. It highlights various diplomatic initiatives that can promote stability, prosperity, and mutual benefits while also fostering regional integration. Policymakers who want to use diplomatic means to advance peace and stability in this region will find this information useful. Keywords: Syria, Diplomacy, Geneva, Astana, and Sochi.

Effect of Organic and Inorganic Amendments in Reducing Bioavailability of Heavy Metals from Textile Industry Effluent

As the sense of fashion and modernism improves day by day the requests for apparel and clothing also increases. Hence, different kinds of garments, clothing and home textiles are industrialized to fulfill the increasing demands. Faisalabad; a city of Pakistan, is known for its different material enterprises. On the opposite side, this city additionally involved plentiful rural land. In Faisalabad irrigation is commonly done by reused sewage water from these textile units due to scarcity of better quality water. Agriculturists use surplus water to raise their crops as they consider it a healthier spring of nutrients, taking as substitution of excellent quality water round of the year. Heavy metals, i.e. lead, chromium, cadmium, and copper etc. are present in textile dyes which are used to assemble the dyestuffs. These metals which have been moved to the surroundings are noxious and can piled up` in the human body, water bodies and may incorporate in to the soil. To reclaim the metal degraded soils different practices are existing, amongst one is to incorporate organic and inorganic amendments in polluted soils to lessen the entry of metals into food chain by immobilizing them. Considering these evidences, a project was designed to observe the effect of organic and inorganic amendments to diminish the uptake of lethal metals in plants from textile effluent. Three tests were performed. In the first investigation the effluent acquired from different textile mills situated at different locations in Faisalabad and physico-chemical characterization of these effluent samples was done to check the pollution load. Heavy metal substances were also resolute in these samples by using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The results revealed that all the effluent samples had a substantial quantity of pollutants especially chromium (Cr) metal which was present in higher concentration as compared to other heavy metals. On the basis of results, it was determined that Dawood Textile Industry generated more polluted effluent containing high contents of Cr and drained out it in the main drains without treatment. Hence effluent was collected from Dawood Textiles to use it for irrigation in second and third experiments. In second experiment accumulation of Cr in shoots and roots of spinach was checked. In third trial effectiveness of poultry manure (PM) and gypsum to immobilize the Cr was checked. Vegetables were reaped at maturity. Growth and physiological parameters were analyzed. Plant samples were also examined for Cr and micronutrients concentration. The post-harvest soil was tested for chemical analysis and Cr concentration was also analyzed at the completion of the trial. The outcomes of various concentration of textile water 0, 10, 25, 50 and 100% on growth of spinach revealed that control plants had improved growth as there was no stress of effluents while major decrease in growth was noted in plants where 100% textile effluent was applied. Cr concentration was also high in plants irrigated with 100% textile effluent. The organic and inorganic amendments were reduced the uptake of Cr and also improved growth and physiology of plants. Moreover, from different levels of both the amendments poultry manure @ 1% with the combination of 50% textile effluent concentration proved to be more operative in dropping the uptake of Cr to different plant parts.