ملک و ملت کی تعمیر و ترقی میں احتساب کا کردار: سیرت طیبہﷺکی روشنی میں

This is a familiar fact that accountability has a primary, important and key role to reform and develop an individual as well as a society. Quran (The Holy Book) and Sunnah (The Sayings the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) emphasize the acco-untability and the Seerah (Prophet’s life) is its practical example. The Prophet (PBUH) mentioned the importance of individual accountability, told the people to follow the principle of accountability and also set up a collective account-ability system. On various occasions, He inquired the governors and investigated their financial matters. He also strongly condemned crimes such as exploitation, corruption, deception and cheating; those are the result of lack of accountability and He communicated the Ummah to stay away from the devastating crimes like these. The study of Seerah (the Prophet’s life) shows that He strongly empha-sized the accountability among all other matters. The Prophet (PBUH) used practical measures for justice and equality, giving people their rights and elimin-ating all kinds of oppression, abuse, injustice, exploitation and corruption. It was the effect of the teaching and training of the Prophet (PBUH) that the lives of companion’s رضی اللہ عنہم اجمعین of Prophet Muhammad (PPBUH) are the basic source of guidance for mankind till the world due to accountability. The compa-nions of the Prophet (PBUH) used to arrange the accountability and also self-accountability, as a result, the society was a manifestation of transparency, peace fulness, ideal, and brotherhood. Translation errorThis article explains the need and importance of accountability, role of accountability in the country's development, different types of accountability in the light of Seerah. As a result, firstly, we may be able to step up towards the formation of a righteous society. Secondly the rules and regulations for the establishment of an ideal welfare state in the light of Seerah may come into existence.

Optimization Study of N2-H2 Mixture Pulsed Dc Plasma Ionitriding Reactor

In modern science and technology the glow discharges have a wide varity of applications. In microelectronics industry the glow discharges are used for etching of surfaces to from topographical surface features, as well as for deposition of thin films. In material processing industry the glow discharges are used extensively for deposition of various thin films, coatings and surface layers. In the present work the diagnostics of pulsed DC generated nitrogen-hydrogen mixture plasma, using an Active Screen Cage is performed so that the optimum working conditions for the purpose of material processing are obtained. Trace rare gas optical emission spectroscopy is used to investigate the effect of current density, filling pressure and hydrogen concentration for the measurement of excitation temperature, vibrational temperature, dissociation fraction and nitrogen atom density. The nitrogen plasma is generated by using 50 Hz pulsed-DC power source. The excitation temperature is determined from Ar-I line intensities, using Boltzmann’s plot method. It has been observed that the excitation temperature increases with both current density and hydrogen concentration, where as it decreases with filling pressure. In order to find out the vibrational temperature of the second positive ?ʋ(?3??,?́→?3??,?̋) system, the Δ? = -2 sequence is used due to comparatively longer lifetime (τ ~ 36 ns) using Boltzmann’s plot method. The behavior of the vibrational temperature remains similar like in the case of excitation temperature. The nitrogen dissociation fraction is calculated using actinometery and line ratio methods. It is observed that the dissociation fraction increases by adding 40% of hydrogen in the nitrogen plasma and then upon further increase of hydrogen concentration it decreases sharply. The atomic density of nitrogen is also calculated using actinometery method, which also increase with hydrogen concentration up to 40% hydrogen in the mixture. Using the optimum condition of current density, filling pressure and hydrogen concentration, different types of steels including AISI 316, AISI 304, mild steel and high xviii carbon steel are nitrided in the presence of the active screen cage. The treated samples are analysed by X-ray diffractrometery (XRD) to investigate the changes in the crystallographic structure. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) is used to investigate the surface morphology of the plasma irradiated samples, where the changes in the surface hardness are measured by Vickers microhardness tester. The XRD pattern of all the samples confirms the presence of nitrides with iron, carbon and chorimum. Microhardness results reveal a 3-7 times harder surface for different samples. The nitrogen mass transfer mechanism in active screen cage plasma nitriding process is also investigated using optical emission spectroscopy. The dominant species including NH, Fe-I, ?2+, N-I and N2 along with ??and ?? lines are observed using optical emission spectroscopy (OES). The factor of sample treatment time for both of Active screen cage and DC plasma nitriding of AISI 316 stainless steel are investigated. Increasing trend in microhardness is observed in both cases but three-fold more hardness is achieved using Active Screen Cage in comparision to direct current plasma nitriding. On the basis of metallurgical and OES observations a new phenomelogical scheme for a nitrogen mass transfer mechanism in active screen cage plasma nitriding process is proposed