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Geo-Economic Determinants of Air Travel Demand in Pakistan

Thesis Info

Author

Syed Azhar Ali

Supervisor

Ambreen Fatima; Noman Saeed

Department

The Applied Economics Research Centre

Program

Mphil

Institute

University of Karachi

Institute Type

Public

City

Karachi

Province

Sindh

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2017

Subject

Applied Economics

Language

English

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-02-19 12:33:56

ARI ID

1676729543358

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4۔قتل بسبب

4۔قتل بسبب
جو کوئی شخص کسی کو ہلاک کرنے یا نقصان پہنچانے کی نیت کے بغیر کوئی ایسا غیر قانونی فعل کرے جو کسی دوسرے شخص کی ہلاکت کا سبب بن جائے تو وہ قتل بسبب کا مرتکب کہلائے گا۔ 208
خلاصہ کلام انسانی جسم پر کسی زیادتی کی صور ت میں قصاص و دیت کے قوانین جاری ہوتے ہیں ۔ انسانی جسم پر زیادتی کا بدلہ لینا اس شخص کا حق ہے جس کے ساتھ زیادتی ہوئی ہے۔ متضر ر کی موت کی صور ت میں ورثاء کا بدلہ لینا حق ہے۔ مدعی قصاص و دیت کی صورت میں مجرم کو معاف بھی کرسکتا ہے، اس لیے اسے حق العبد کہا جاتا ہے۔ قصاص کے جرائم دو طرح کے ہیں : ایک عمداً قتل کرنا اور دوسرا عمداً زخمی کرنا ۔ ان دونوں کے بدلے میں جو سزا بطور قتل یا اس کے علاوہ جسمانی طور پر دی جائے ، وہ قصاص کہلاتی ہے ۔ دیت کے جرائم میں قتل عمد سے مشابہ ، قتل خطاء اور ان زخموں کا مالی تاوان ہے جن کا بعینہ مجرم کو لگانا ممکن نہ ہو، شامل ہیں ۔ اسی طرح قصاص کے متضرر کی طرف سے دیت کا مطالبہ ہو تو اس کی بھی دیت ہے۔ قتل کی اقسام مالکی ، حنفی، شافعی اور حنبلی مذہب میں مختلف ہیں لیکن قتل عمد اور قتل خطا ء ہر فقہی مسلک میں مشترک ہیں ۔ قتل عمد میں قصاص ہے اور قتل خطاء میں دیت ہے جو کہ سو اونٹ ہیں ۔ اس کے علاوہ سونے او رچاندی کے ذریعے بھی دیت ادا کی جاسکتی ہےیا ان کی قیمت کو معیا ر بنایا جا سکتا ہے ۔ قتل کے علاوہ انسانی جسم کو جو زخم لگایا جائے تو اس کا بھی قصاص ہے ۔ فقہائے کرام نے ایسے زخموں کو مندرجہ...

لسان العرب کا تعارفی و تحقیقی مطالعہ

The dictionaries have played a vital role in understating and preserving any language. Arabic is a Semitic language; it has a large, deep and rich history. The Arabs have always tried to keep the Arabic language safe, but all these efforts were verbal, they did not have a tradition of writing in pre Islamic era. After the Islam they focused on writing and began the writing activities such as: exegesis of Quranic verses, Hadith and explanation of some difficult words used in Quranic verses. In the 2nd century, the first initial stage of Arabic dictionary writing began with the efforts of Al-Khalil, who is considered as a founder of Arabic dictionary writing. After that, language scholars created a great work in promotion of Arabic dictionary. Of these scholars Ibn Manzoor who sacrificed his life for the preserving Arabic language through his writing and research. And his valuable and great benefit book (Lisan-al-Arab) which is considered one of the most important source on said subject. In this Paper, we have presented an introductory and detailed study of his said book, So that Urdu readers can benefit from this scholarly investment.

Expression Profiling of Huanglongbing Disease in Citrus Though Molecular Techniques

Huanglongbing (HLB), also called greening, is a fatal disease of citrus. Candidatus Liberibacter, a Gram negative and non culturable bacterium, is the pathogen of huanglongbing. It becomes difficult to detect this bacterium because it is unevenly distributed in its citrus hosts.The bacteria are transmitted naturally to citrus by an insect vector called citrus psyllid. Hussain and Nath documented the occurrence of HLB and its related vector Diaphorina citri Kuwayama in Pakistan in 1927.In this study, 97 accessions of citrus germplasm were raised in greenhouse. of 97 accessions, 51 were survived. The seed of citrus germplasm was obtained from National Clonal Germplasm Repository for Citrus and Dates, Riverside, California, USA and University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan. For HLB diagnosis in the leaf samples of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) cultivar Succari from field, conventional polymerase chain reaction technique was employed. Asian citrus psyllid (ACP) was captured from HLB positive sweet orange field trees and released on healthy plants of sweet orange and kinnow for rearing and infestation in the controlled conditions of growth room. Those plants were also tested for their HLB positivity by using 16s rDNA primers OI1/OI2c and Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus specific primer A2/J5. After confirmation of HLB, sweet orange plants infested by ACP in growth room, were usedfor the inoculation of fifty one genotypes of citrus and citrus relatives. Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus was detected in 96.07% of the inoculated citrus germplasm by Taqman based real time PCR using primers set HLBasfpr.SYBR green based real time qPCR was performed to differentiate expression of genes in HLB infected and healthy leaf samples of forty five genotypes of citrus and its relatives. Seven genes, includingsulfate transferase (CsSULF), glucose-1-phosphate adenyl transferase (CsSB1), granule bound starch synthase (CsSB2), alpha amylase (CsSD1), alpha amylase 3 (CsSD2), beta amylase9 (CsSD3) and cytochrome P450 mono oxygenase 83B1(CsSUR2) were tested for expression profiling. Gene expression data analysis for relative quantity represented the down regulation ofcarbohydrate metabolism related genes (CsSB1and CsSD3) in Clausena harmandiana while transporter gene CsSULF expressed at equal level in healthy and diseased Glycosmis pentaphylla. Remaining genes did not express in both of the varieties. These two genotypes may be placed in tolerant category against HLB as the causal bacterium was not detected in them. In Tahitian and Schuab, no gene was amplified except CsSULF gene that was down regulated indicating strong root system for plant survival.