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Socio-Economic Determinants of Maternal Healthcare Inequalities in Pakistan

Thesis Info

Author

Zahra Muhammad Rafique

Supervisor

Uzma Iram; Syed Ammad Ali

Department

The Applied Economics Research Centre

Program

Mphil

Institute

University of Karachi

Institute Type

Public

City

Karachi

Province

Sindh

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2019

Subject

Applied Economics

Language

English

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-02-19 12:33:56

ARI ID

1676729552062

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خاتمة الكتاب

 ھذا كتابي ’’شعر نازك الملائکۃ وبروین شاکر (دراسۃ مقارنہ)‘‘، حاولتُ بکل جھدي أن أجعله ذا أھمیۃ کبیرۃ ومفیدًا لجمیع القراء۔

 وقد أخترت ھذا العنوان لأھمیتہِ، ولأھمیۃ مکانۃ الشاعرۃ الکبیرۃ المعروفۃ ورائدۃ الشعر العربي الحر نازك الملائکۃ، والشاعرۃ المعروفۃ العظیمۃ بروین شاکر، والتي لھا المکانۃ الممیزۃ بین الشاعرات الأخریات، وھي معروفۃ بشاعرۃ (خوشبو) الرائحۃ العطرۃ، وقد حاولتُ أن أقدم مفھوم أشعارھما، وحاولتُ بکل جھدي أن أترجم أشعار بروین شاکر، ودرست أشعار نازك الملائکۃ وبروین شاکر، ومن خلال دراستي لأشعارھما قدمت مقارنۃ شعرية بشکل عام، وذلك أنني وجدتُ تقاربًا بین أسلوبھما وأفکارھما ومشاعرھما، فسمیتُ ھذا القسم بالقصائد المتشابھۃ، وأیضاً وجدتُ بعض الإختلافات في الأسلوب والأفکار والمشاعر، فسمیتُ ھذا القسم بالقصائد المختلفۃ لنازك الملائکۃ وبروین شاکر، وبذلتُ کل جھدي أن أقدم الشيء الجید للقراء، وأطلب من العلي القدیر أن ینال عملي ھذا رضاکم، وقد شجعني علی التأليف الأستاذ الكبير والعالم الجليل والفاضل الدکتور المحترم سلیم طارق خان رئیس الجامعۃ الإسلامیۃ ببھاولفور(سابقاً) الذي لہ الفضل الکبیر في مساعدتي بعد ﷲ سبحانہ وتعالى، وفضيلتهُ كان المشرف على رسالتي (رسالة الدكتوراه)، كما أنّ هذا الكتاب جزء من رسالتي. وأيضاً قام بتصحيح هذا الكتاب معالي الأستاذ الكبير والعالم الجليل والفاضل الدكتور المحترم أحمد محمد الشرقاوي أستاذ ورئيس قسم التفسير وعلوم القرآن بجامعة الأزهر، وأستاذ الدراسات العليا بالجامعة الإسلامية بالمدينة المنورة سابقاً، وعضو اللجنة الدائمة لترقية الأساتذة في التفسير وعلوم القرآن بجامعة الأزهر، وفضيلته درَّس وحاضر وشارك في كثير من الجامعات العربية والإسلامية ،جامعة الأزهر للرئاسة العامة لتعليم البنات بالمملكة،جامعة القصيم، الجامعة الإسلامية بالمدينة المنورة وأيضاً جامعةالشارقة.

كما قام بمراجعة الكتاب الأستاذ الكبير والعالم الجليل والفاضل الدكتور المحترم إبراهيم محمد إبراهيم السيد الأستاذ بقسم اللغة الأردية بجامعة الأزهر والرئيس السابق له، وقد عمل سيادته رئيساً لقسم اللغة الأردية بجامعة الأزهر منذ عام 1998م وحتى عام 2006م، ثم سافر في العام نفسه إلى باكستان ليعمل أستاذًا زائرًا بقسم دائرة المعارف...

زواج المسيار: حقيقته و حكمه

The term “Nikah Misyar” (translated sometimes as “travellers’ marriage” or “marriage of convenience”) is not found in the Qur’an, Sunna or classical works of Islamic jurisprudence. It is a term that has been introduced recently. However, the concept can be found being discussed in the works of classical Muslim jurists (fuqaha). This is a marriage contract between a man and a woman, with the condition that the spouses give up one, two or several of their rights by their own free will. Some people consider that the misyar marriage can meet the needs of young people whose resources are too limited to settle down. However, there have been some (Sunni) scholars and organizations that have opposed the concept of Nikah Misyar altogether. As for the Islamic ruling concerning such marriages, there are two issues to consider: 1) Validity and permissibility; and 2) Appropriateness. Different scholars gave different opnions regarding these two imporatant issues. In this article, Nikah/zawaj Misyar was discussed in detail, describing different point of views and ruling in facvour and against Nikah Misyar.

Role of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria and Chemical Fertilizers on Plant Growth, Oil Content and Quality of Safflower and Canola and Their Potential for Biodiesel Production

Experiments were conducted to evaluate the role of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) alone and supplemented with chemical fertilizers to improve quantity and quality of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) and canola (Brassica napus L.) with perspective to biodiesel production. First experiment of the series was conducted to evaluate the effect of PGPR viz. Azospirillum brasilense and Azotobacter vinelandii and chemical fertilizers (Urea and DAP) alone and in combination (under axenic conditions) on enzymes activities of rhizospheric soil in addition to general impact on growth of safflower cvv. Thori and Saif-32. The PGPR were applied as seed inoculation at the rate of 10 6 cells/mL prior to sowing. Chemical fertilizers were applied at full (Urea 60 Kg ha -1 and Diammonium phosphate (DAP) 30 Kg ha -1 ), half (Urea 30 Kg ha -1 and DAP 15 Kg ha -1 ) and quarter doses (Urea 15 Kg ha -1 and DAP 7.5 Kg ha -1 ) during sowing. The colony forming units (cfu) of Azospirillum and Azotobacter were higher in the presence of quarter dose of chemical fertilizers. Activities of soil enzymes viz. urease and phosphatase were enhanced by Azotobacter in combination with quarter doses of chemical fertilizers and Azospirillum in combination with half dose of chemical fertilizers respectively whereas; root proliferation was enhanced by Azotobacter and Azospirillum supplemented with half and quarter doses of chemical fertilizers. The 2 nd experiment was focused on the effect of PGPR and chemical fertilizers under field conditions on plant growth, seed yield, oil contents and quality of safflower with perspective to biodiesel production. The indole acetic acid, gibberellic acid, oil contents, oil/protein ratio and seed phenolics were improved by Azospirillum with half dose of chemical fertilizers. Azospirillum in combination with quarter dose of chemical fertilizers improved the fatty acid profile, oil quality and amino acids contents with parallel increase in biodiesel yield whereas; Azotobacter in combination with quarter dose of chemical fertilizers improved seed crude protein and induced protein of 130 KDa and 100 KDa. Seed nutrients viz. Ca +2 , K + were increased by Azotobacter and Azospirillum supplemented with half dose of chemical fertilizers. In the 3 rd experiment effects of chemical fertilizers, Azospirillum and Azotobacter were studied on plant growth, seed yield and oil quality of canola (Brassica napus L.) var. Pakola pertaining to biodiesel production. Significant improvements in seed yield ixand seed size were recorded in chemical fertilizer treatment while oleic acid (C18:1) was improved by Azospirillum treatment with parallel decrease in erucic acid contents. Azotobacter showed maximum increase in seed oil content with concomitant decrease in seed glucosinolate and moisture content. Chemical fertilizers and Azospirillum decreased the oil acid value and free fatty acid (%FFAs) contents with concomitant increase in seed protein and biodiesel yield (93 % and 92% respectively). Protocol for the production of safflower biodiesel was optimized using 1 H NMR, FT- IR, GC-MS and refractometer techniques. The biodiesel samples prepared by base catalyzed transesterification reaction showed maximum yield (97.84%) at 0.5% catalyst concentration with 6:1 methanol/oil ratio at 65°C as quantified by 1 H NMR technique with minimum (1.41) refractive index and improved physico-chemical properties. The GC/MS analysis showed the presence of five major faty acid methyl esters. Improvement in separation and quantification of fatty acid methyl esters in safflower oil was achieved using comprehensive two-dimensional GC (GC×GC). The GC×GC separation accomplished by the combination of SLB-IL111 with IL59 column phases provided excellent separation of FAME standard mixture and also safflower FAMEs were well separated and quantified in a short run of 16 min. It is inferred that PGPR can supplement the chemical fertilizers upto 50%–75% in order to obtain optimum growth and yield of safflower and use of advanced technologies improved biodiesel and fatty acid analyses being more rapid, precise and cost effective.