Status and Necessity of Second Marriage in Islam

The Arabic word "عائلہ" ʿĀʾilah is customary to refer to wife and home. In Urdu language, the appropriate substitutes for this word are clan and family whereas a "family" usually comprises husband, wife and kids. Family life is also known as domestic life which is not merely a pillar of a society but also is its foundation. A home is the basic unit of domestic life and society. Contentment, peace and stability of a home depend on good and pleasant relations between husband and wife. In case the understanding between husband and wife are deficient, their relations suffer largely and become weak. Islam assigns increased significance to a firm family system in the human society. It is the family environment which is the beginning of human life. A family is the basic natural institution of human society which sustains since the time of Adam (A.S.), and as long as human societies exist, the status of family will also survive and prevail. Each human child coming into this world takes birth in a family where it is brought up to flourishes in family environment. The present-day secular environment, secular education and a society lacking the teachings of Allāh and Messenger Muḥammad (S.A.W.) has deviated the Muslims from their real objective of life and the thought about the life hereafter. Today’s Muslim carries the tendency of leading his life according to his own free will and desires instead of leading his life according to the teachings of the holy Qurʾān and the tradition of the Messenger Muḥammad (S.A.W.). He feel highly uncomfortable to pass his life as per instructions contained in the holy Qurʾān and the tradition of Muḥammad (S.A.W.). Various institutions and so-called NGOs in the name of women’s rights and enlightenment are causing increased complexities for women. Today, woman is getting far and farther from her home and households. On the plea of enlightenment and freedom she is getting away from the religious teachings, her husband and also from her children. The state under influence of these organizations has, without appropriate consideration and detailed thought, framed laws against a second marriage. This legislation has affected the society and opened way for more perversion, distance from the faith and several other social complexities which instead of finding some solution are becoming more and more intricate.

Postharvest Storage and Quality Management of Citrus Cvv. Kinnow Mandarin Citrus Nobilits Lour. X Citrus Delicious Tenora .

Citrus is an important fruit crop of world as well as in Pakistan. It is very rich source of vit.C along with sugars and minerals. Citrus fruits also contain bioactive compounds in juice i.e., flavonoids, polyphenols, carotenoids and antioxidants which help to reduce risk of cancer and cardiovascular diseases in human. After harvesting and storage, some internal changes continue which deteriorate fruit quality by affecting the nutritional status of fruits and heavy losses occur.Some pre storage treatments slow down these changes therefore research project was planned to investigate the effects of different techniques (radiation, wax and salicylic acid) on fruit quality of citrus cv. ‘Kinnow’ mandarin under cold storage (5°C). A series of experiments were executed and first two experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of different radiation doses (0-1000 Gy) on fruit quality of ‘Kinnow’ during 90 days. It was observed that 800 Gy radiation treatments effectively minimized the fruit decay 25 to 11% after 90 days of storage. Minimum weight loss (11.44%), SSC: Acid ratio (8.56) maximum total phenolic contents (147.45 mg GAE 100g-1), total antioxidants (63.98% % inhibition) POD (0.70 U mg-1 protein) and SOD (112.1 U mg-1 protein) were also found in fruits of same treatment. In 3rd experiment, two local fruit coatings (PHRC wax and benzaldehyde) were compared with two commercial waxes and found that PHRC wax performed at par to commercial waxes to minimize fruit decay during 90 days storage. PHRC wax also maintained peel: pulp ratio (1.64) and SSC: Acid ratio (9.26) in optimum range with higher values of total phenolic contents (230.62), total antioxidants (62.10), CAT (15.26), POD (0.68) and SOD (131) after 90 days. Two experiments were conducted to optimize a best level of SA (2-12 mM) and it was found that 4 mM performed best to minimize the fruit rot from 23-4%, weight loss from28-16% withhigher values of SSC: Acid ratio (9.11), total phenolic contents (185.58 mg GAE 100g-1),antioxidants (58.99%), CAT (19.2 U mg-1 protein), POD (0.6 U mg-1 protein) and SOD (123.49 U mg-1 protein). Comparison of radiation, wax coating and salicylic acid showed that treatment of pre storage treatment with SA was found best to minimize fruit rot (2%) with maximum TPC (253.99 mg GAE 100g-1 FW), antioxidants (77.38%), CAT (17.71 Umg-1 protein), POD (0.67 Umg-1 protein ) and SOD (123.46 Umg-1 protein) after 90 days storage. It is concluded that ‘Kinnow’ fruits can be stored for 90 days at 5°C with pre-storage treatment of 4 mM SA to maintain the fruit quality.