یہودی روحانیت کے ابتدائی مظاہر
باب ہشتم کے اہم نکات
- یہودی روحانیت کا تعارف۔
- حزقی ایل کے روحانی تجربات۔
- مرکبہ یہودیت کا فروغ۔
- حسیدی اشکناز کا تعارف۔
- تخلیق کائنات کا بیان۔
- صفر یتزیرا، بہیر اور زوہر کا بیان۔
- قبالہ، اس کی ذیلی تحریکیں اور حسیدیت کا تعارف۔
روحانیت، باطنیت، سریت یا تصوف کی اصطلاحیں عموماً ایک ایسے مخفی نظام کو بیان کرنے کے لیے استعمال کی جاتی ہیں جو مادی دنیا سے مختلف ہوتے ہوئے بھی اپنا تعلق اس سے جوڑے رکھتا ہے۔ یہودیت کا روحانی نظام بھی کم و بیش انہیں صفات کا حامل ہے۔ خدا سے تعلق، تخلیقِ کائنات پر گفتگو اور مقدس کتب کے روحانی معانی کی تلاش ایک یہودی صوفی کا نصب العین ہے۔ یہودیت کے روحانی ادوار کو زمانی اعتبار سے چار حصوں میں تقسیم کیا جا سکتا ہے:
- بائیبل کا دور جس میں روحانی نظریات اور تحریکیں تو دکھائی نہیں دیتیں لیکن اس دور کے مذہبی تجربات نے بعد میں آنے والے صوفیا کو روحانیت سے روشناس کروایا۔
- ہیکل کی دوسری تباہی کا دور جس میں ایسے روحانی نظریات وجود پانے لگے تھے جن کی بنیاد مذہب پر رکھنے کی کوشش کی جا رہی تھی۔
- قبالہ کا دور جس میں منظم انداز میں روحانی تعلیمات کو بحیثیتِ مجموعی بیان کیا جا رہا تھا۔
- حسیدی دور جس میں روحانیت سے نئے مذہبی محسوسات نے جنم لیا۔[1]
یہودی روحانیت میں زیادہ تر مذہبی تجربات کی کوئی عقلی توجیہ پیش کرنے کی ضرورت نہیں سمجھی جاتی کیونکہ یہ خیال کیا جاتا ہے کہ ان تجربات تک عقل کی رسائی ممکن نہیں ہے۔ اس کا یہ مطلب بھی نہیں ہے کہ یہ تجربات...
Islam where considers the superiority of law, provision of justice and equity, building and purification of civilization and emphasis on the welfare of society, there ensures the first priority to humanity, peace and prosperity in the external relations. Islamic state keeps relations on the basis of equality with the world and non-Muslim citizens living within the state. On this belief and ideology Islam invites the world to set together. Islam on these principles of Islamic ideology and belief sets the foundation of collectiveness. On this principle the whole philosophy of life and living system are embraced, and the same Islamic law is the foundation of nations, on this behalf the Islamic state organized the relation with other states. In this way Islamic state on these principles keep relations with other states and within the state relations between Muslim and non-Muslim citizens on the basis of brotherhoods, equality, mercy and the principles of dignity of human being. Along with peace Islam set the principles of war which comprise ethical and prison limitations, duties and ethics amongst warrior, difference between the rights of fighters and non-fighters, treatment with pact holders and prisoners, and specified the way of better treatment with the defeated nations. He thought the manners of war to bloody man who consider everything right during the war. Islam lays great stress on equality, social justice, brotherhood and peace not only in state but across the boarders too. In this article a deep study is done to explain the relations of an Islamic state with other states. Islamic foreign policy emphasizes on the principles of equality among all the human beings and all the races and nations. Islam builds international relation on humanitarian basis.
The anti-ulcer effects of methanolic extract of neem leaf (NLE) and neem compound nimolicine (NC) have been studied and the effects were compared with the ulcer healing drugs Ranitidine and Omeperazole on stomach of albino rats (Wistar strain). A total of 90 rats of both sex weighing 150-200 gms were used in the study. The rats were divided into six groups. Per oral administration of ethanol (100%) was used for ulcer induction. This group served as a check group. The control group was given Peanut oil 1 ml/day for the treatment of ulcer. The test groups received NLE 1ml/day (0.88 gm) p/o for 5 days and NC 1% (0.01 gm in 1 ml) p/o per day for 3 days. The healing was compared to the healing effects of p/o Ranitidine 50 mg/kg and Omeperazole (2.5mg/kg). The ulcer induction and healing effects both were confirmed by histopathology of the gastric tissues. The calculation of ulcer index and ulcer inhibition percentage was done. The gastric secretion of H mEq/100 Gms of rat was also calculated. The antioxidant activity of NLE and NC was also done. Finally the identification of NLE, NC, and drugs in tissue extracts were done by HPLC. The results were analysed by using a one way ANOVA by a SPSS version 18 computerized software programme. The P value (P<0.05) was considered significant. The results show that NLE is better than NC and the anti ulcer effect of NLE can be compared to the anti-ulcer drugs Ranitidine and Omeperazole. The high antioxidant activity of NLE compared to NC may explain the mechanism of action of NLE whichxiv needs further explorations. The effects of NLE and NC on gastric secretion of H mEq/100 gms when compared with PNO and Ranitidine and Omeperazole were insignificant. However there was a significant difference on comparison of gastric secretion between PNO control and Ranitidine. Further studies are required to confirm the present study by conducting clinical trials. Anti ulcer treatment by NLE will be of financial benefit to the community in developing countries specially in Pakistan. In conclusion NLE has a better ulcer healing effect compared to NC. The effect of NLE can be compared to the ulcer healing drugs Ranitidine and Omeperazole.