خصائص قرآنی - تفسیری تناظر میں

The Qur'an has innumerable features. Its teachings serve as blessing and guidancefor the whole mankind. It provides complete code oflifefor man. It catersfor both life in the present world and that in the hereafter. The Qur'an is regarded as inimitable due to the accuracy ofscientific information presented 1400 years ago and only recently proven or discovered, as well as for its unprecedented Arabic literary style of highest standard. This article discusses extraordinary features of the Qur'an as explained and highlighted by majority of commentators of the Qur’an in their commentaries of the Qur'an.

Determination of Agriculture Production & Supply Price Alongwith Non-Price Response of Major Crops in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan

The overall aim of the study entitled as “Determinants of agriculture production and supply price along with non-price response of major crops in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan” is to investigate, analyze and evaluate price and non-price factors influencing the adoption, acreage and production of major crops (i.e wheat, rice, sugarcane and cotton) in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Influence of prices and impact of non-price factors are quite essential supply response determinants of major crops in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, as they assist them in shaping their agronomic practices right from seed preparation to the disposal of final produce in market for production and acreage enhancement. The present study is carried out to estimate supply response of farmers and contribution of each explanatory variable to the production and acreage of major crops. In this regard, annual time series data over a period of time (1976-77 to 2007-08) have been used. The Ordinary Least Square (OLS) techniques of estimation are run on various combinations of price and non-price factors along with their respective lagged values, which have provided useful information as policy guidelines in order to enhance the major crops returns in the shape of its production and acreage. To investigate more precisely the farmer’s responses to price and non-prices determinants of wheat, rice, sugarcane and cotton crops, the Nerlovian Partial Adjustment Model, being popular supply response model, has been applied to bring about significant influences of explanatory variables on production and acreage responses of major crops. On the identification of stationarity issues in selected price and non-price determinants of model equations in all nine cases of thesis, Augmented Dickey Fuller Unit Root Test is applied for the purpose of determining the order of integration through process of differencing. When 1st, 2nd and 4th difference variables are applied to various combinations of price and non-price factors in logarithmic version of basic model equations, which clearly proved that respective variables are stationary of order 1, 2 or 4 in respective production and acreage responses of major crops. In view of production and acreage responses of wheat, rice, sugarcane and cotton, the short run and long run price as well as non-price elasticities were found sizeable with slightly widest divergence in various combinations of model equations of nine cases, indicating the intensity of influence of respective explanatory variables (price and nonprice factors) on the dependent variable (production and acreage of major crops). In concluding remarks, it has been revealed during discussions of all nine cases of study that agricultural prices certainly played vital role in making sure the proper allocation of productive resources for the growers of wheat, rice, sugarcane and cotton. Enhanced production and acreage of major crops encourages farmer’s income, savings and investments, which induced them to adopt latest techniques of crop management i.e seed bed preparation, cultivation, watering, weeding, chemical fertilizations, insecticides, harvesting, preventing post-harvest losses, marketing, processing, storages etc. Due to fluctuations in prices of major crops (i.e support price, nominal support price, real support price, market price, price of fertilizers etc) and the impact of non-price factors (rainfall, cultivated area, cropped area, cropping intensity, area irrigated by different sources, agricultural credits, fertilizer offtake, culturable waste, land use intensity, total reported area, total cultivated area, net cultivated area etc) have exerted significant influences at P<0.10, P<0.05 and P< 0.01 as well as non-significance impact shown on production and acreage responses of wheat, rice, sugarcane and cotton. Finally the author suggests and recommends policy statements that market and support price policy of Government needs to be streamlined by stabilizing the price (i.e especially elimination of cyclical and seasonal fluctuation of price), acreage adjustments (i.e elasticity of price and area), avoiding post harvest losses (i.e timely storage, effective means of communications and transport for bringing the produce from point of production to the point of consumption in time), processing of agriculture produce (i.e enhancing withholding capacity of produce due to its perishable nature), initiation of government procurements (i.e obtaining surplus produce directly from growers), provision of subsidy (i.e minimizing the burden of price on consumers), rational import-export policy (i.e meeting the growing demand through importing the goods and enhanced supply through exporting the produce). The study has made policy recommendations to improve the supply responses of price as well as non-price factors and returns to major crops in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Pakistan).