گلِ امید
الفاظ کے نشتر میری سماعتوں کو چیرتے ہوئے
میرے دل میں پیوست ہو رہے تھے
یوں لگ رہا تھا جیسے
میرے احساسات کسی راہِ پُر خار سے گزر رہے ہوں
میری تھر تھراتی ہوئی زبان کچھ بھی کہنے سے قاصر تھی
نجانے کتنے ہی جملے زباں کی نوک تک آتے آتے دم توڑ گئے
میں حواس باختہ یوں بیٹھا تھا
جیسے کوئی بہرا…صدائوں سے بہت دور
خیالات نے ہر چیز کو ’’لا‘‘ کے پیمانے پر رکھ دیا تھا
Ethical Education is an optional subject in lieu of Islamic Studies for non-Muslim students in Pakistan from primary to undergraduate level. The main aim of this study is to discuss factors which can help to design a Moral Ethic curriculum which would assist the teachers to educate an individual with his/her own identity, to assimilated by ethical values with developed moral judgment and behavior established by an individual’s beliefs. Students can show a positive attitude towards themselves and others and be able to work together and support others. In this perspective, we also illustrated that moral education helped those people who respect social norms and behave sensibly in any situation belonged to present or future. Therefore, the main objective of this research paper is to establish the necessary elements that should be the part of an effective Moral Ethics curriculum in order to create a democratic and educational environment where everyone can respect for others’ beliefs and stop violating others’ feelings on the basis of freedom of speech. In this study, our targeted readers were included teachers of Moral Ethics, policy makers at different levels, and curriculum developers.
This research work consists of synthesis of various thiosemicarbazides and 1,2,4-triazole derivatives and screening of their biological activities. All compounds were fully characterized by various spectroscopic techniques, such as 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and EIMS/FABMS. Melting points of all compounds were also recorded. This dissertation consists of two chapters based on the extensive literature and research findings regarding the four libraries of synthetic compounds. Each chapter has its own compounds numbering, tables, figures, schemes, and references. Chapter-1 deals with general introduction of thiosemicarbazides, their previous synthetic strategies, and their biological activites. It also describes general introduction of biological activities and their bioassays. It is comprised of the synthesis of various derivatives of 4chlorophenyl substituted thiosemicarbazides 33-57 (Part A), and nicotinic/isonicotinic substituted thiosemicarbazides 60-84 (Part B) and their in vitro activities against urease, α-glucosidase, and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzymes. Compounds 35, 42, 46, 49, 61, 67, 77, and 79 were new derivatives while rest of the compounds were previously known. Except few all synthetic compounds showed superior activity than the standard thiourea. Compound 57 was sixty six fold, compound 42 was nineteen fold, compounds 35, 38, 52 were about ten fold and compounds 69 and 81 were eighteen fold more potent than the standard thiourea. Some synthetic thiosemicarbazides showed weak activity against αglucosidase enzyme while showed no activity against acetylcholinesterase enzyme. Chapter-2 deals with general introduction to 1,2,4-triazole, their previous synthetic strategies, and their biological activites. It is also composed of the synthesis of various analogues of 4-chlorophenyl substituted 1,2,4-triazole derivatives 156-180 (Part A), and synthesis of thioether derivatives of 1,2,4-triazoles 181-192 (Part B) by four steps reaction and their in vitro activities against urease, α-glucosidase, and AChE enzymes. Compounds 158, 162, 163, 165, 167, and 169-173 were new derivatives, while rest of the compounds were previously reported by others. 1,2,4-Triazole derivatives 156-180 showed good to excellent urease inhibitory activities. Compounds 156, 163, 166, and 176 were more potent compounds, particularly, compound 176 showed 28-fold more potent activity than the standard thiourea. Compounds 156, 162, 163, 166, 175, and 179 exhibited weak αglucosidase inhibitory activity, while 1,2,4-triazole derivatives 156-180 showed no activity against AChE enzyme. Thioether derivatives 181-192 showed a weak inhibitory activity against urease enzyme, while good to weak inhibitory activity against α glucosidase enzyme, particularly, thioether derivatives 182 and 185 were found to be the more potent than the standard acarbose. All 1,2,4-triazole derivatives 156-180 showed no activity, while thioether derivatives 181-192 showed weak inhibitory activity against AChE enzyme.