Six Lectures, on the Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam
یہ اقبال کے سات خطبات کا مجموعہ ہے۔ تین خطبے اقبال نے مدراس میں دیے، تین علی
گڑھ میں دیے اور ایک لندن میں دیا۔ سید نذیر نیازی نے اس کا اردو ترجمہ کیا جو ء 1958 ء میں بزم اقبال لاہور سے شائع ہوا۔ اس سے پہلے لاہور اور لندن سے انگریزی میں یہ خطبات شائع ہو چکے تھے۔ پاکستان اور ہندوستان میں اردو زبان میں ان خطبات کے کئی تراجم ہو چکے ہیں۔ ان خطبات پر ہر دور میں تحقیقی وتخلیقی کام ہوتا رہا ہے۔ اب بھی ان پر بحث جاری ہے۔ خطبات کے دیباچے کو بہت اہمیت حاصل ہے جس میں اقبال نے کہا ہے کہ:
”فلسفیانہ غور وفکر میں قطعیت کوئی چیز نہیں۔ جیسے جیسے جہاں علم میں ہمارا قدم
آگے بڑھتا ہے اور فکر کے لیے نئے نئے راستے کھل جاتے ہیں، کتنے ہی اور ،
اور شاید ان نظریوں سے جو ان خطبات میں پیش کیے گئے ہیں، زیادہ بہتر
نظریے ہمارے سامنے آتے جائیں گے۔ ہمارا فرض بہر حال یہ ہے کہ فکر انسانی
کے نشود نما پر بہ ا حتیاط نظر رکھیں اور اس باب میں آزادی کے ساتھ نقد و تنقید
سے کام لیتے رہیں “ (16)
اس طرح خطبات پر تحقیق و تنقید بھی ہوئی مگر اس سے نئے موضوعات بھی سامنے آئے۔ پروفیسر عبد الحق نے اقبال کے علمی افکار اور فکری مباحث کی تفہیم کے لیے اس کتاب کے مطالعہ کو اہم قرار دیا ہے۔
Ibn Taymiyya is known as a controversial figure due to his differences. Most of the scholars have differed with him on most of the jurisprudential and principled issues. There are many reasons for Ibn Tamiya’s differences. The difference between intellect and its use is the most important, that is, the way of thinking. The jurisprudential ability and competence that elevated him to the status of ijtihad was a result of uniqueness in ijtihad and jurisprudence. Disagreements can be caused by the circumstances of that era and the behavior of the people of that era. All the principles and their preferred methods based on which he solved jurisprudential and doctrinal issues and all the reasons why he disagreed with a section of the ummah and the ummah know these differences in the form of the differences of Ibn Taymiyya. It is very important that his jurisprudential insight and ijtihad efforts be revealed, although in many issues the majority of the scholars of the ummah have disagreed with him and their opinion differs from the great taste. Ibn Tamiya’s method of inference in jurisprudential and principled issues and the principles by which he formed an opinion on an issue and on what basis he preferred principles in solving problems are the key issues that will be discussed in the following article.
Acceptance sampling plans have been widely used in industries to make sure the high quality of incoming and outgoing products. These sampling plans are very useful to the manufacturer and the buyer for the acceptance of good products and rejection of bad products. Among many acceptance sampling schemes, the skip lot sampling scheme is used for reducing the amount of inspection of a product that has an exceptional quality history. Therefore the objective of this study is to propose a skip-lot sampling plan which provides the minimum average sample number as compared to existing sampling plans. To achieve this goal, three approaches have been used. In the first approach we present a designing methodology for batch inspection from a continuous process called the skip-lot sampling plan of type R (SkSP-R). The concept of resampling has been used in our proposed plan. We formulate the optimization problem of minimizing the average sample number to determine the plan parameters of the proposed SkSP-R sampling plan. The constraints are to satisfy the producer‘s risk at the acceptable quality level and the consumer‘s risk at the limiting quality level. The tables are presented and the results are explained with the help of an example. To check the statistical difference between the proposed plan and the existing plans, the Friedman test is applied. The efficiency of the SkSP-R sampling plan is also shown in terms of probability of acceptance and average sample number. The proposed plan is found more efficient than the single sampling plan, SkSP-2 sampling plan and SkSP-V sampling plan in terms of the average sample number. In the second approach we present an optimal designing methodology of the proposed plan based on the most widely used process capability index Cpk . For designing the optimal parameters, we consider both symmetric and asymmetric fraction non-conforming cases. Tables are constructed for each case. Advantages of the proposed plan over the existing plan are also discussed. Application of the plan is explained with the help of a real life example. Thirdly we present the designing of the proposed plan for time truncated life test. We consider the three most important life time distributions such as Weibull distribution, Exponentiated Weibull (EW) distribution and Birnbaum- Saunders (BS) distribution. The plan parameters of the SkSP-R plan under these three distributions are determined through a nonlinear optimization problem. Tables are constructed for these distributions using different shape parameters. The efficiency of the proposed plan over the existing plans is also discussed. A comparison is also made between three distributions in terms of ASNs and it has been observed that Birnbaum-Saunders distribution provides minimum ASN as compared to the other two distributions.