IMPLEMENTASI MANAJEMEN PENDIDIKAN BERBASIS KARAKTER DI SEKOLAH

Character-based education management aims to integrate everything, both personal, spiritual, attitudes and behaviors as well as material related to the achievement of educational goals. In the process, education of all the efforts of the people involved in the process of achieving these educational goals is then effectively integrated, organized and coordinated, and all materials needed, and existing ones are used efficiently. Character-based education management in schools can be as a basic knowledge that has its own characteristics that are different from other administrative sciences that lie in its operational principles, and not in general principles. Every activity in the education administration process is directed to achieve educational goals. In the management of character-based education, it is also necessary to have good coordination and supervision or supervision from the leadership. Keywords:  

The Relationship Between Behavioural Biases and Financial Wellbeing: Exploring Channels and Conditions in Pakistan

This study is aimed to investigate the moderating role of financial literacy and mediating role of financial behaviors on the relationship between behavioral biases and financial wellbeing by collecting evidence from Pakistan. The study is carried out on the presumption that human beings are not rational agents and they make decisions based on heuristics and mental shortcuts. It was believed that such heuristics, which are referred to as behavioral biases, could have implications towards the financial wellbeing of the individuals. A gap in existing literature was felt regarding the interrelationships of behavioral biases, financial behaviors, financial literacy and financial wellbeing. This study has filled this gap by following an explanatory sequential design through which a quantitative analysis followed by a qualitative analysis is carried out. During the quantitative phase, data collected through an online survey questionnaire (n=344) was analyzed through descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, multicollinearity diagnostics and structural equation modelling (SEM) etc. Whereas, in qualitative phase, the findings of quantitative analysis were interpreted in the light of feedback of financial management experts, collected through in-depth interviews (n=16). From these results, it is found that framing effect have significant implications towards the financial wellbeing of the individuals. Moreover, higher income level increases financial wellbeing; having a big family decreases financial wellbeing. Moreover, the way the information is framed significantly affect the financial behaviors. It is less likely that individuals having exponential growth bias exercise negative investment behaviors. Mental budgeting results in healthy financial behaviors. However, the negative impact of mental budgeting cannot be ignored as the human beings have restricted ability to understand and absorb the information. The study also found that people behave differently towards investments, depending upon whether they do job or business. The level of education affects the investment behaviors. There exists a relationship between investment behaviors and financial wellbeing. People exercising positive investment behaviors could have better financial wellbeing and vice versa. Therefore, investment behaviors play a mediating role between framing effect, exponential growth bias and mental budgeting and financial wellbeing. Moreover, a moderating role of actual financial literacy between exponential growth bias and financial wellbeing is also found, however, it needs further investigation. Recommendations are made based on the findings of both quantitative and qualitative analysis; limitations of the study and future research directions are also discussed.